William Schallmayer (* 10 February 1857 in Mindelheim, "† 4 October 1919 in Kreiling Planegg) was a German physician. Together with Alfred Ploetz he was founder of the eugenics/Eugenik in Germany encyclopedia medicine history, Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf wedge, Wolfgang Wegner (Hrsg.), walter de Gruyter publishing house, Berlin/New York, Nov. 2004, ISBN 3110157144, S. 1288Brockhaus (Hg.), Leipzig, Mannheim: F.A. Brockhaus, 19. Auflage1986, under Schallmayer stands: "Its 1903 published work "transmission and selection in the personal record of the peoples" are considered as programmat. Basis of the "eugenics" in nat. - soz. Germany. "

Life

Schallmayer was born on 10 February 1857 in Mindelheim in the Bavarian Swabia and was that oldest of eleven brothers and sisters. The father was a cart entrepreneur. It visited the High School in new castle at the Danube and in Augsburg. It made its military service as a one year's in peppering castle.

William Schallmayer studied first jurisprudence and philosophy, turned then however to the study of the medicine in Leipzig and Munich. it makes the state examination for 1884 as an assistant with Bernhard von Gudden. it was attained a doctorate to 1886 at the Munich university. Subsequently, it trained itself further for urology and Venerologie in Vienna, Leipzig and Dresden. In Kaufbeuren he worked as a practical physician, where he learned his first wife to know and married. it gave practice to 1894 and spent one year as a ship's doctor in China, a position, which it got on the occasion of a journey undertaken after Eastern Asia offered. Back in Germany, he was active 7 years as a specialist in Duesseldorf, before he spent the remainder of his life as a private scholar. 1909 died the first woman. he married 1911 again. 1919 he spent the last years up to death withdrawn into Krailling with Munich (circle star mountain).

Schallmayer suffered in the last Lebensjahren at asthma and strong problems at the heart. It succumbed to a cardiac infarct on 4 October 1919.

Schallmayers philosophy

Schallmayer was promoted by Ernst Haeckel. Just like Haeckel it was member in the Monistenbund. Schallmayer was democratically, internationalistically and pazifistisch oriented; it held much of the monarchy of the empire and wrote in all editions of its book "for transmission and selection "the sentence: "The future belongs to the democracy "in all civilized countries of the earth. It was close to socialist ideas and added themselves political linking. With socialism it employed since its youth intensively, was however not a not party and class-bound. It rejected (regarding the results) a socialism, but pleaded for equal chances and raised the demand that "the outside competitive conditions for the youth were in each regard as much as only at all to arrange possible alike ".

Schallmayer was besides one of the early of the European agreement. Like Alfred Ploetz it occurred for a European state combination. 1899 it already publicised in the Cologne weekly revue "the new century "a European state State of, Continental Europe without Russia to cover and under German supremacy not be located should. A goal of this geeinten Europe should be the avoidance of the war, in which Schallmayer saw a survived form of the existence fight, which affects itself "kontraselektorisch ". The match of the peoples and nations is to be delivered instead of its with the means of the culture and civilization. In order to avoid war and Kriegsgefahr in Europe, most states of Europe should belong to united Europe and have a common army. It did not divide the national enthusiasm at the beginning of the First World War. In its article "old-fashioned thoughts over of Europe future "it develops its conception of a European Federal State again as peace guarantor: "This peace warranty would result to the connected States of common armed forces from the creation of a large, the majority of the European states of comprehensive Federal State with only, ". Schallmayer did not have however little hope for the implementation of its ideas, but saw for the very next future a chance of an implementation, because "by the present war on highest increased people hate of a convicition makes place (n) "had. Thus he saw also the danger that "the present war with all will repeat itself its ".

Work

Admits became the physician by the price-crowned writing "transmission and selection in the personal record of the peoples ", who 1903 were strongly reworked published. With this writing it took on one 1900 of the Industriellen Friedrich Alfred Krupp expenditure-praised to price writing out to the topic "which learns we on the principles of the Deszendenztheorie in relationship on the development and legislation relating to domestic affairs of the "part. The price writing out was along-organized and examined by Ernst Haeckel.

"Transmission and selection "became until the end of the First World War the prominent text book for race hygiene. The owner of the first chair for eugenics, which was also later in the time of the national socialism prominent, Fritz spring called it 1919 the classical masterpiece the German eugenics Fritz spring: William Schallmayer, in Munich medical weekly revue, Bd. 66 (1919), P. 1295

Already 1891 had Schallmayer with that at that time still few considered paper "over the threatening physical degeneration of culture mankind "the first "race-hygenic "publication in Germany writes, in which it generally placed the evolution theory Darwins of anpries and the question about the effects of the modern medicine on "the human breed choice "and the development of the human kind. Schallmayer represented in this writing the thesis, therapeutic successes of the medicine is for individual ill humans useful, however not "the human kind to the welfare would do ", since she works against the selection function of the illness, which lets the strongest ones survive only. For this reason the medical discipline of the hygiene must affect improving "the human breed choice ". William Schallmayer, strange-proves is in the literature for the year 1891 equivalent two to publications with equivalent contents, once "over the threatening physical degeneration of culture mankind "and "the threatening physical degeneration of the ", Neuwied 1891, latter 1895 in Leipzig again presented and here quoted, to S.6 and 9

Schallmayer went it here, contrary to Francis Galton, to the actual founder of the Eugenik, first not over a positive Eugenik, thus the increase of the descendants with high hereditary qualities, but around a negative Eugenik through the decrease of descendants from persons with smaller hereditary qualities and thus around a fight of physical "degeneration "of the human "race ", whereby this negative Eugenik was limited to the freiwilligen renouncement of the hereditary patients to descendants. Michael black: Socialist Eugenik, P. 38 the community with Galton and with other Eugenikern such as Alfreds Hegar and Alfred Ploetz existed in orientation at future generations, thus at "the race ", instead of at individual humans as in the traditional medicine. Following the degeneration theory of the French psychiatrist also Schallmayer held Benedict Augustin Morel to the theory of diseases acquired by the heritability as a cause for the emergence of mental disorders as well as to the progressive transmission. With the acceptance of the progressive transmission the reproduction had to lead diseases acquired by persons with to progressive degeneration (degeneration) of mankind. Like Alfreds Ploetz and above all Augusts Forel Schallmayer the danger of poisons accepted, in particular the alcohol. Schallmayer followed the opinion Forels, the alcoholism is "a main source, probably even the main source of the progressive degeneration features of our days "(transmission and selection in the personal record of the peoples, P. 154), related this opinion however later. Besides the problem of the mental disorders for the degeneration played a special role for Schallmayer.

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