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The underground, also subway or Metro mentioned, is similar a public suburban traffic means belonging to to the courses city traffic) S, the road or to the metropolitan railway (in summary as rail local passenger traffic). Even if the U is actually an abbreviation for underground, many undergrounds operate also aboveground; for this reason the U in Germany is interpreted every now and then also as independent, concerns nevertheless it rail traffic systems, which are conceived as independent systems crossing-free and independently of other urban traffic systems.
The internationally most common term is Metro. This would be allowed to do on the English terms metropolitan Railway in London (today metropolitan LINE) as well as the Chemin de more fer , briefly , in Paris to decrease/go back. Further also Underground (London) and Subway (New York) are common, in the Scandinavian area also T-Bana (Tunnelbana). The undergrounds in Manila, Singapore and Taipeh carry the name MRT for English measure rapidly for transit, while in Hong Kong the abbreviation MTR for measure transit Railway is used. In Buenos Aires are called finally the undergrounds Subte (of ).
After German right ("§ 4 transportation of human beings law) an underground applies as streetcar; it is therefore operated after the regulation over the building and enterprise of the streetcars (BOStrab). In Austria in a general manner the streetcar regulation (StrabVO) applies.
The federation of German transport enterprises (VDV) defines an underground as rail-bound, from the individual traffic completely separated led mass means of transport, which form a closed system. Their distances can be put on both in the tunnel and on dams and high distances or in the free area. The driving current feed is made generally by one laterally at the track arranged bus bar, which however no condition is.
At the same time the VDV distinguishes the underground conceptually from the streetcar and the metropolitan railway, which can have a routing on public roads at least in parts, within whose range road traffic regulations to be considered is.
The demarcation to the rapid-transit railway results particularly from their legal position as Vollbahn and/or railway, which can have e.g. crossings also on the same level with other means of transport. Purely technically regarded the difference to the rapid-transit railway exists particularly in their larger light space profile, since it is not with priority conceived for tunnel enterprises.
Thus an underground is operated in principle without crossing on the same level with other means of transport, drives into more closely timetable clock sequence in the urban range and is electrically propelled and steered.
The means of transport subway, how it is used today in numerous cities, are the result of a longer development, itself by the whole second half the 19. Century pulled. At the beginning plans stood for connection in the city and underground between two remote course railway terminals - a task, which would come today rather to a rapid-transit railway. There were such plans 1844 in Vienna, the first realization of such a concept about already took place until 1863 in London.
The Londoner tunnelled route was operated with steam courses, which - easily comprehensibly - represented no acceptable solution and found therefore also no imitations in other cities. An important break-through for the development of underground city traffic was therefore the use of electric motors in rail traffic means. Here the citizen of Berlin entrepreneur Werner von Siemens carried important pioneer work out. On the citizens of Berlin industrial show 1879 Siemens presented an electrical locomotive; it opened the first electrical streetcar of the world to 1881 in Berlin light field. Doubt carriers and bureaucracy prevented Siemens however over decades from the building of an electrical rapid-transit railway net in Berlin. Instead the electrical enterprise was inserted starting from 1890 into London. Thus the most important condition for the triumphant advance of the new means of transport was created.
The second first unanswered decision of general principle of the early years was the question of the drawing of the rapid-transit railway distances: The Londoner underground operated predominantly in the tunnel. Projects in other European cities and in North America preferred the routing on iron viaducts, than overhead railway. The majority of the Metrostrecken built before the First World War developed in the long run as overhead railway, the construction costses was clearly under those to a tunnelled route, and in particular in the quarters of the lower layer one meant to have to give no consideration to the consequences concerning town construction. After the world war the sheet turned however; new distances were established now almost exclusively in the tunnel. In North America, in New York, even whole overhead railway distances were particularly diminished and replaced by tunnels. The subway developed instead of the overhead railway to the standard solution.
As the first underground generally on 10 January 1863 in London opened metropolitan Railway is considered to the world . It however first still concerned thereby a railway operated with steam engines. It was as connecting line between the remote stations PAD thing clay/tone, King's CROSS, St Pancras and Euston, which lay all relatively far outside of the city center, and which town center OF London meant.
The first electrical underground, which corresponds thus to the today's conceptions, was open the town center & South London Railway (today Northern LINE), on 4 November 1890 in London. It led of stick-waves to the King William Street. Thus London released an underground boom, since also many other European metropolises looked at the same time for possibilities to solve their traffic problems in the city. One believed to be able to solve with the concept of the subway all these problems.
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