Type of soil in the Bodenkunde different manifestations of soils, which are classified world-wide according to several different systems, see called soil classification and/or soil systematics.

Fundamental

If one up-digs soils, are regarding substrate and/or colouring differentiated "layers" to recognize, which are called soil horizons. (The term layers refers in the Bodenkunde only to forms of sedimentation, a process of the Lithogenese.)

The differentiation results on the one hand from the raw materials (soil types) for the soil formation (Pedogenese), on the other hand from soil-chemical processes. These arise among other things as a result of different climatic influences, the water regime, the vegetation, the Bodenfauna, if necessary the treatment, the immissions and the landschaftliche environment (ex.: In lowering or Flussauen water accumulates). Between these factors among themselves various, partly fed back influences exist.

Soil horizons emerge in different characteristic combinations. These are divided systematically in soil types. Here underground formations in the Bodenprofil are described, with which similar chemical and physiksalische changes produced agreeing characteristics and thus similar horizons and horizon combinations. The type of soil marks the development condition of a soil.

The differences in the horizons can be different origin. Often organic or mineral materials are loosened, relocated and deposited in storage horizons.

It is important that soil types arise rarely in "pure form", but taking place pedogenetische processes combinations and transitions of soil types to find often through at the same time or successively are. These lead - depending upon development for the classification of Bodensubypen (transition and Abweichungssubtypen) and again a set of different developments can be determined for each type of soil, and thus the relationship of the individual soil types to be described. In the landscape the different soil types (and/or Subtypen) appear as small-area mosaic (soil company), since the individual locations in the effect of the soil-forming factors differ and often a lateral exchange of material takes place.

Important Central European soil types

The classification of the following soil types takes place hierarchically (department of, class, type, Subtyp, after soil-systematic units. The working group soil systematics of the German Bodenkundlichen society, works on systematics valid in Germany today (2006) and develops it further. The current conditions are in the Bodenkundlichen mapping guidance (at present 5. Edition, 2005) represented.

Department of terrestrial soils (land soils)

Class F - O/C soils

• FF - Rock humus soil
• TELEPRINTER skeleton humus soil

Class O - Terrestrial raw soils

• OO - Syrosem
• OL - Lockersyrosem

Class R - Ah/C soils except black ground connection

• RN - Ranker
• RQ - Regosol
• RR - Rendzina
• Computer centre - Pararendzina

Class T - Blackground

• TT - Tschernosem (black earth)
• TC - Kalktschernosem

Class D - Pelosole

• Dd - Pelosol

Class B - Brown-ground

• BB - Brown earth

Class L -

• LL - Parabraunerde
• LF - Pale earth

Class P - Podsole

• PP - Podsol

Class C - Terrae calcis

• CF - Terra fusca
• CR - Terra rossa

Class V - Fersialliti and ferrallitische

• VV - Fersiallit
• VOLKSWAGEN - Ferrallit

Class S - Grounds of impounded water (being astonished eating soils)

• SS - Pseudogley
• SH -
• SG - Stagnogley

Class X - Reduktosole

• XX - Reduktosol

Class Y - Terrestrial anthropogene soils

• YK - Kolluvisol
• YE - Plaggenesch
• YO - Hortisol
• YY - Rigosol
• YU - Treposol (low paging soil)

Department of Semiterrestri soils (groundwater soils)

Class A

• AO - Rambla (Auenlockersyrosem)
• AQ - Paternia
• AZ - Kalkpaternia
• RK - Tschernitza
• OFF Vega (Braunauenboden)

Class G - Gleye

• GG - Gley
• GN - Nassgley
• GM - Anmoorgley
• GH - Moorgley

Class M - Mar

• MR - Raw march
• MC - Lime march
• MN - Kleimarsch
• MH - Detention wetness march
• MD - Dwogmarsch
• MK - Break march
• MO - Organomarsch

Class - Beach soils

• - Beach

Department of Semisubhydri and Subhydri soils

Class I - Semisubhydri soils

• IA - Wet beach
• IW - Watt

Class J - Subhydri soils (underwater soils)

• JP - Protopedon
• JG - Gyttja
• JS - Sapropel
• JD - Dy

Department of moorlands

Class H - Natural moorlands

• HN - Niedermoor
• Rear spar - Hochmoor

Class K - Ground connection and Mulmmoore

• KV - Earth down moorland, cousin-rich
• Km - Mulmniedermoor
• KH - Earth high moorland

Important non-European soil types

Internationally in particular two classification systems for soils are very common, the USDA Bodenklassifikation and the FAO soil classification.

The USDA classification divides all soils world-wide in twelve orders, which are then subdivided more finely in subordinations, families, etc.

Literature

• AD-HOC-working group soil: Bodenkundliche mapping guidance, Hrsg.: Federal Institution for geosciences and raw materials in co-operation with the national geological serving star, 5. Aufl., 438 S.; 41 fig., 103 Tab., 31 lists, Hanover 2005. ISBN 3-510-95920-5
• AG SOIL: Bodenkundliche mapping guidance, Hrsg.: Federal Institution for geosciences and raw materials and geological national offices, 4. Aufl., 392 S., 33 fig., 91 Tab., Hanover 1994. ISBN 3-510-95804-7
• AG Bodenkunde: Bodenkundliche mapping guidance, Hrsg.: Federal Institution for geosciences and raw materials and geological national offices, 3. Aufl., 331 S., 19 fig., 98 Tab., 1 hatchet., Hanover 1982.
• AG Bodenkunde: Bodenkundliche mapping guidance, Hrsg.: Working group Bodenkunde of the geological national offices and the Federal Institution for raw materials, 2. Aufl., 169 S., 4 fig., 30 Tab., 1 Taf., Hanover 1971

Related links

• current conditions of the scientific treatment of German soil systematics: http://www.bodensystematik.de
• Learning and working environment about "soil" in instruction: hypersoil.uni muenster.de
• Skripte and materials to the Bodenkunde

Articles in category "Type of soil"

We found here 53 articles.