A tractor (, "draw majority tractors, of Latin trahere ") is a tractor, which is used primarily in the agriculture. In Northern Germany instead of tractor the terms tractors, agricultural tractors and Trecker are used. The latter originates from the flat-German language and is derived from trecken ("pull "). In Southern Germany also the terms tractors and Bulldog are used. In Austria and Germany the official term for tractor tractor reads.

Steam motor vehicle

To the family of the steam engines belongs the 1765 steam motor vehicles designed by Joseph Cugnot, also to steam tractor mentioned. This motor vehicle type held in the agriculture introduction and contributed to the development of the steam engine.

Generally

for pulling trailers and agricultural devices are used. Also agricultural machines can multiple be cultivated directly to the tractor and be propelled over a drive shaft (drive shaft/power-takeoff) of the engine of the tractor or over hydraulics. In order to achieve cross-country capability necessary for the farm work, tractors possess often all-wheel drive and at least two, today often also four very large wheels with grobstolligen tires.

There are today's tractors for many intended purposes in all forms, like completely small, how they can be used particularly in the mountains in forestry or alpine dairy farming, or very narrow for the viticulture or large for the flat country in the agriculture. Around an optimal speed for the respective work to reach often have modern tractors possess a high-low clutch or a stepless transmission. Often a front loader or a Hecklader is attached to tractors. They are mostly equipped with a cab and an air conditioning system and have opposite other vehicles technical characteristics such as single wheel brakes and Differenzialsperren.

Special forms place the Unimog, which equipment supports and the Muli in such a way specified, which are designed somewhat longer than other tractors. The equipment support has mostly in front before or over (lower floor panel) the engine an additional cultivation place for devices or a Ladepritsche, while the Muli behind the operator's cab exhibits a transportation surface and is very cross-country. It is used therefore particularly in west Austria, Switzerland and South Tyrol. A further simplified small tractor form is the hand-guided a oh tractor.

The trend to ever stronger and heavier machines (higher traction power) entails than unfavorable consequence also higher soil compaction and thus smaller That can with the drawing up of balloon-like low-pressure tire (Terrareifen), which distributes the vehicle weight better, or to which use of dual tires (assembly of a second, complete Rades at the actual wheel of the tractor) are worked against.

Under the rising driving speeds of tractors (up to 80 km/h with the JCB Fastrac) and by the small absorption of the large volume tractor tires a majority of the today's tractors possesses a suspension at least the front axle. Tractors with full suspension are so far only few common, although them advantages for the travelling comfort, which bring driving safety and the Bodenschutz with itself.

The most frequent accidents with tractors are done in hilly areas via tilting. In Austria they must be equipped therefore since 1960, in Germany for approximately 1968, with an overroll bar. In the course its increases roll over-safe cabs developed.

Devices, which can be pulled or propelled with the tractor

Regarding mounting at the tractor with these devices distinctive between

• Attachments, (flexibly) into three point hydraulics to be hung up and
• Structure devices, which (extremely loadable) are firmly connected with the frameworks.

Structure devices are e.g. with tractors with forest equipment (heavy double drum rope hoist with rumbling sign, "front-rumble-hurry", safety cab, window protection lattice, oscillation-absorbed driver's seat, branch deflectors, protective covers - among other things tire valves, Unterboden - as well as strengthened tires). Such tractors represent a transition to special machines (e.g. forest special machines with center pivot steering).

Straight ones in the agriculture are often regionally very differently designated these devices. Many devices, which were propelled in former times by a tractor, are today even as large and special that they are independent machines, as e.g. Combine or forest special machines.

Historical

The first tractors were propelled by steam engines (Lokomobile). Later the diesel engine than power source became generally accepted in Europe, while into America still some time also petrol engines were used. Into the 1970er years had tractors rather small engine performances, for it however high torques and strongly placed underneath transmissions. Sometimes modern tractors exhibit often over 100 KW achievement and can up to 80 km/h speed reach.

Particularly high achievements exhibit sport tractors, which are used for the Tractor Pulling, a kind of engine haven, in 20. Century in the USA arose and to at the beginning of the 80's also over Europe spread. With the Tractor Pulling goes it around it pulling a brake car, which increases its tensile strength stretch-dependently, on a 100m runway as far as possible. Sometimes in the free class the achievements of the tractors lie with up to 10.000 HP.

A very well-known construction represents the Lanz Bulldog of 1921, which served also after the Second World War still as model for many reproductions world-wide and today Liebhaberpreise obtained. It belongs to with each meeting of historical tractors simply; in different areas of Germany the name Bulldog developed colloquially to the synonym for the term tractor. The Lanz work in Mannheim was taken over 1956 by John Deere and is today the largest tractor factory of Europe. Trailblazing in the Treckerentwicklung were also the inventions of the rear three-point hitch with hydraulics (three point hydraulics) by Harry Ferguson and the power-takeoff, which made themselves starting from approx. 1960 generally interspersed and from the agricultural tractor a very versatile usable equipment tractor.

Outside of the agriculture tractors are used also as tractors with the circus and in road construction. Also in the local green care and road cleaning the use of more particularly usually smaller tractors increased ever more.

In Austria there are some traditional associations, which above all one of the first models of Steyr the 15-er in such a way specified, which was built for the first time end of the 1940er years into the 1960er, collects and maintains.

Tractor marks

• List of the tractor marks

In the conventional agriculture in Germany the marks Case, Deutz, Fendt, Ford-new Holland, John Deere, MC Cormick and Massey Ferguson are used today predominantly. Claas took over only 2003 the tractor section of Renault. Due to the outstanding meaning of the enterprise as manufacturers of combines the acceptance of the tractors in Germany won Claas belonged fast at meaning, on the tractor market already 2004 to the six strongest offerers.

See also:

• Forestry
• Agriculture
• Agricultural machine
• Would list agricultural devices and machines,
• All-wheel drive
• Trecker Treck

• Rail tractor
• Two-way vehicle

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