Thomas Alva Edison (* 11 February 1847 in Milan, Ohio; "† 18 October 1931 in west orange, new jersey) was an US-American inventor in the area of the electricity and the power station nature. Its earnings/services base primarily on the marketability of its inventions, which it could connect with extraordinary fate to a whole system of generation of current, current distribution and delivery of the river with the consumer. In the special measure an invention Edisons is also today with the electricity in each private household still connected: The Edison thread in such a way specified, with which a lamp can be screwed into the associated version. The thread made of Messingblech decreases/goes back to an invention Edisons and is characterised by a simple production as well as by a safe handling also for a layman. In later years Edison shifted its research and development activity into the range process engineering, where likewise innovative developments arrive to him. For example the introduction of the today usual miniature film in the film art decreases/goes back on Edison. In acknowledgment of its achievements the USA celebrate national the Inventor's Day since 1983 at its birthday.

Life

Edison received only some months to regulated school teaching. It was probably continued to inform thereafter by its parents. When it is seven years old, the entire family moves after haven Huron, Michigan. Only four years later, 1859, he than newspaper boy enters into the working life: It sells Huron and Detroit newspapers and sweets on the Grand drunkenness railway between haven. This activity leaves probably still clearance to it for reading. 1862 it brings the newspaper out "The Weekly Herald" sold by him in the railway. In addition it makes teachings as telegraphist with J. And MacKenzie in Mount Clemens, Michigan. Five years long, from 1863 to 1868 he works as telegraphist in Indianapolis, Cincinnati, Memphis, Louisville and Boston.

1868 announce Edison its first patent: on an electrical scrutineer for meetings (these in the US-American congress however one will not use, one will not fear there manipulations). 1869 he becomes a plant manager of the gold & stick telegraph company in New York town center, New York, and creates the company Pope, Edison & Co. in New York. 1870 develop a factory for the production of course telegraphs in Newark, for new jersey. 1871 he marries Mary style-waves and develops the first functional typewriter. In the year 1872 its first child Marion comes into the world, in addition it works in a laboratory in Menlo park, new jersey. Four years later his son Thomas is born.

On 18 July 1877 Edison invents the Phonographen and hears as first humans an admission of its own voice - the first taken up word was "Hello". to 1878 it receives for the Phonographen the patent, on 5 April 1878 steps it the Theosophi society with [1], in this year becomes it father of William Leslie. 1879 shine the coal thread lamp more than 40 hour, on 31 December give it an industrial fair electrical system in Menlo park (Wizard OF Menlo park). In addition Thomas Edison improves the telephone by a granular carbon microphone. 1880 develop in the Menlo park the first lamp factory. To 1881 underground cables are laid in New York and the Dreileitersystem is introduced; in addition it invents electrical safety devices, measuring instruments and improved steam engine direct current generators. On 4 September 1882 the first central power station of the USA in New York, Pearl Street, is opened which was work in direct current technology established. 1883 receive a patent to Edison on the Edison effect designated after it; the registration takes place on 15 November. On 9 August 1884 Edisons first woman at typhoid fever dies; he marries 1886 Mina on 24 February Miller.

From 1887 on there is a new large laboratory in west orange, new jersey. Until 1890 it improves the Phonographen, the dictating machine (drove out later among other things than Ediphone) and removable and again usable Phonographenwalzen. It creates the company Edison General Electric.

When Edison noticed that width unit-read alternating current its direct current was superior, it saw its last possibility its money increasing of down-deseaming the alternating current. Edison developed the electrical chair with alternating current was operated. Edison wanted to let the alternating current rename in "death stream" and the word "Exekutieren" in "Westinghousen".

1890 he becomes father of son Charles. One year later it invents the Kinematographen, a forerunner of the movie camera. 1892 fuses Edison General Electric and the Thomson Houston Corp. General Electric company. Starting from 1892 also X-ray can be proven by the development of the Fluoroskops with calcium tungsten RK layer. 1893 develop the first Filmstudio in west orange. Two years before the turn of the century son Theodore comes into the world.

Surely was Thomas Alva Edison of a that, which coined/shaped the US-American myth "from the plate scrubber to the millionaire". So it could not be free of doubts clarified e.g. whether the Edisons came by an accident with experimenting with chemicals or by an illness. The latter is however more probable, since also its father at similar problems suffered. Also the exact time of the could not be clarified.

Further life data

• To 1910 cement plants in Stewartsville with rotary kilns, prefabricated buildings develop from concrete are poured.
• to 1914 alkali battery (iron nickel accumulator), Phonograph: the record replaces the roller and/or the tin foil as clay/tone carrier
• 1912 Kinetophon combination of movie camera and Phonograph (in former times Tonfilm)
• 1913 correction system for dictating machines
• 1914 Telescribe system (combination of telephone and Phonograph)
• 1914 factories to the synthesis of phenol from benzene (record production)
• 1915 building from factories to the synthesis of aniline and Para Phenylendiamin in few weeks
• 1916 factories to the synthesis of benzidine cousin and the sulfate
• In the year 1916 president calls Wilson for the fight of the submarine danger. Thereupon Edison preventive measures develops and - devices against submarines.
• 1927 establishment of the Edison Botanic Research company
• 1928 Edison those receives to Special Congressional medal

Inventions

Thomas Alva Edison made more than 2,000 inventions, from which he had 1,093 patented.

• Electrical scrutineer for meetings 1868
• Market price indicator ("Stockticker") (of 46 patents) 1868
• Typewriter (substantially improved) 1871
• Granular carbon microphone (for telephone)
• Phonograph 1877 (see however Emil citizen of Berlin)
• Improvement and marketing of the coal thread lamp 1879
• 35-mm-Film (miniature film) 1889
• Concrete casting process 1910
• Edison effect, later than Edison Richardson effect admits

Criticism

Despite incontestable achievements in many areas Edison was not already undisputed during lifetimes. It was considered as skillful marking out of its own legend and as extremely skillful; the Firmenimperium created for the mass production of his ideas made it one of the richest men of his time. It looked for competitors with often as scruplesless felt methods from the market to urge. The number of the copyright processes led by it against other enterprises is enormous; besides it was again and again suspended the reproach not unfounded in some cases discoveries third to have plagiiert. Actually many of the inventions, among them telephone, Telegraf, connected today with its name, microphone and lamp (again already in the year 1854 by Heinrich the (doubtful) and 1860 by Joseph Wilson Swan one invented) were, in truth only improvements already other devices developed of. During the First World War Edison engaged itself intensively in the material research for arms purposes.

It was considered to Charakterlich as very difficult; particularly with his oldest son Thomas Alva Edison jr. it lay in constant feud.

Particularly with the electrification there was a so-called current war between the direct current system of Thomas Alva Edison and its competitor George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla, which favored an alternating current solution. Here by Edisons company Tierversuche with alternating current were accomplished, in order to demonstrate its danger in relation to the direct current; they caused indignation with One had attached a metal plate to a Wechselstromgernerator and had killed living animals, which were placed before and fastened on the plate, in public demonstrations. Thus for example an elephant, which had attacked humans, with alternating current was killed. This procedure was held also on film (Electrocuting at Elephant, 1903). Before this attempt Edison "experimented" several years long with cats and dogs. Its experiments culminated in the development of the electrical chair, after the American government on the search for a new Exekutionsmethode had contacted it. This form of the execution did not fulfill expectations to a pain-free procedureprocedure procedure for to death condemned.

Finally Thomas Alva Edison had to admit nevertheless that it was one of its largest errors its system to alternating current to have changed over.

See also

• Chronology of the photography

Sources

, (access in each case on 2 February 2006)

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