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By technical progress one understands an improvement of the technical initial position of a national economy or the whole of all technical innovations of a culture. Either a same output (output) with a smaller employment at work or means of production (inputs) can be provided by technical progress or a higher quantity with the same employment of means of production and work. Apart from the quantitative improvement of the input output relationship there are also qualitative improvements like new products (technology history). Technical progress has among other things cultural and social effects.
In earlier times of mankind history the speed of the technical progress was very slowly, even if it likewise came in larger time intervals to large circulations, for instance the Neolithi revolution.
Historically it quite gave times with technical backward step apart from times with technical progress also. As classical example the fall of the antique culture with the following Middle Ages is considered. However the historical scientists in this question argue, to what extent for example in certain ranges (spreading of the the technical progress continued to go also during the Middle Ages.
In the most recent time the question often arose whether technical progress creates jobs or on the contrary a cause for unemployment was. This question dipped already 1821 with David Ricardo and later in the discussion around automation and rationalization.
However some acceptance are made. A sinking active volume is used for the production of the rising goods and service offer, because the purchasing power and/or the purchase desires rises more slowly than the productivity, which is expressed in a rising rate of saving. In addition a free market or capitalistic society is presupposed, at which the employees have to do a certain work time that sinking active volume is not thus converted in shorter hours. On these assumption a pessimism problem develops. Under these conditions it looks in such a way, as if technical progress must lead to the fact that the number of jobs must decrease.
Indeed it can happen on the assumption from all day busy employees that manpowers are replaced by machines in the course of technical progress. The classical economist Ricardo admitted that technical progress can destroy jobs. Sometimes similar views are subordinated to Karl Marx (law of the tendentious case of the profit rate), since he expected always far rising employment at means of production a for each job in production as a condition for technical progress. If a machine replaces ten workers in the pin factory, then would have ten workers will dismiss - if not the demand for pins to reconciliation rises accordingly or is worked accordingly more briefly. Thus around 1900 in Germany in the year approx. 3000 h, today is one worked on the average approx. 1400 h.
Such vague considerations tried philosophers to represent such as Karl Popper or the growth theory of the economic science more systematically (see lower sections).
Technical progress can take place evolutionary or in a revolutionary manner.
The three main manifestations of the technical progress are:
It concerns with technical progress however not only around the increase of the productivity that about a certain number of humans can manufacture ever more cars, but also qualitative changes, innovations, innovations with the produced products for the consumption of humans.
Whether the technical progress of the society is useful or not and/or whether this is positively or taken up negatively, depends on how the policy carries ensuring briskly that the won economic or technical clearance comes to the entire society.
If one relies only on the pure market forces, it can happen that workers are set free, of progress nothing to then abbekommen. In the public opinion such an unfavorable picture over automation can develop because of unemployment threatening thereby, although thereby work can be settled perhaps even better and more rapidly, one thinks e.g. of ticket automats in the comparison to the old ticket salesman.
In the nature the criticism is not really directed to technical progress against this, when many more against the increasing poverty of humans, after which it job-destruction-unites states that the job destruction would be the result of the technical progress. Against the fact history shows that technical progress is connected with shorter hours and rising standard of living (of 2000 h/Jahr around 1960 on 1340 h/Jahr around 2004). The insufficient of the work time destroys jobs and lowers production - see Okun law. The robot is an example of the technical progress and thus not debt at unemployment. But nevertheless of many enterprises or enterprises states it would be debt at the job destruction.
The technical progress is endangered also today by the fact that the clearing-up of the hardly takes place. To their arguments can be worked against, if by saving of human work and the replacement of work by machines etc. - rationalization investments - the unearned incomes of the entrepreneurs or owners of fortune are not only in accordance with-honoured, but over the income distribution also all different.
It is advisable to ensure that the saved work time e.g. benefits also against the interests of the enterprises over shorter hours with full wage adjustment again the employees. Also the profits could be taxed to the existence safety device of the broad population. This should prevent the envy debate. Otherwise the danger exists the fact that the machine storming he mentality celebrates merry and also further over subsidies artificially work remains, which became technically actually redundant. The labor-saving effect of the technical progress comes into conflict with Biblical ark types la "who does not work, is not also to eat", which are however still a substantial ideology component of our society.
This ideology is one of the barriers, which can brake the technical progress. It was lasting for thousands of years primarily humans, the mainly produced and technical progress with saving of human work by machines, tools or robots was rare or took place in very slow processes. From Roman realm for example is history well-known, according to which an inventor of shatterproof glass, after it had told unklugerweise to the emperor that except it nobody knew the secret of the production, was executed, because the emperor was afraid to large disturbances in the economic life by this new invention. "Gold would be only worth shit", as it is called drastic in the guest meal of the Trimalchio.
As children of the are today occasionally criticized: 1. over entitled concerns going out fears over everything that concerns nuclear power, in favor of an expansion of human occupation in the alternative Jobs must create the password generally "we" detached by the actual original purpose by work to create i.e. more to place a better supply and the infrastructure ready for it.
Also the experienced complaint in addition, it is to be saved badly humans, only for growth, is not conclusive. Because growth does not mean more products and services only for humans and less or for something else than humans (times apart from the armament). Altogether by the technical progress ever more is taken humans given than. Nobody produces simply more, only for the own stocks.
The technical progress actually does not work simply negatively, negatively is only the delay of the policy to also give the winning the apparent losers of the progress. The economy does not have to do the task this. For their requests is appropriate only in the profit.
Briefly: Who and the money wants to work, is not only debt, even if he gets on a long-term basis only work and not money. The industry is not carrier of the connection. The nature from work did not turn around what must be done, as expiration in a production process and production processes for more work, which needs for its part none.
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