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As tariff (Pl.: Tariffs, derived from late latin, equivalent teloneum) one designates a delivery, which develops when physical spending a commodity over a customs border.
Tariffs are taxes in the sense of the tax code. Not to confound is the tariff with the import value added tax. The tariff is an instrument of the foreign trade policy. Earlier forms are bridge toll, toll (duty), etc. the appropriate job title read .
Tariffs are seen predominantly critical today, since they obstruct and in connection with the theory of the komparativen cost advantages to a welfare loss lead the international trade. In the context HOLE since 1947 the tariffs were world-wide reduced clearly and lost to have at meaning. However tariffs are to be preferred to all other measures, as for instance quantitative restrictions (ratios) or subsidies after the HOLE. Tariffs have the advantage that the economic effects are to be measured relatively simple. According to the most-favored nation treatment principle must be granted all advantages, privileges, privileges or releases, which a state for a commodity grants, immediately and unconditionally for all homogeneous goods from all countries. During the definition of the height of the tariffs may be differentiated thus not between the trade partners, but only between the goods. Exceptions are however possible, for example opposite developing countries or within a customs union.
Particularly the income purpose (Fiskal or revenue duty) continued to step ever into the background. Today the function of the tariff is the center of attention for the protection of selected domestic industries (protective duty). The educating tariff is to protect new industries of a country by a tariff, whereby the tariff in the measure is to be diminished, as the industries at competitive ability win. As antidumping or anti-subsidy measure also penalty duties (retaliatory duties) can be raised.
Further there is the distinction after the assessment basis. Specific tariffs are raised per unit of a property, approximately after mass, volume or number of items. Ad valorem duties are a percentage of the price of the property, mixing tariffs contain both instruments.
Tariffs exist already for a very long time, in the Middle Ages them in the form of escort tariffs were very often raised, whereby the emperor lost ever more sovereignty rights at territorial gentlemen (and thus the individual cities). In the age of the mercantilism tariffs were used purposefully as politico-economic measure for the protection of the balance of payments and the domestic producers. Prohibitive duties should prevent at all the import of foreign products, promote educating tariffs the structure of the own industry and protect protective duties these against (more cheaply producing) the foreign competitors.
Since 1947 the tariffs were diminished clearly world-wide in the context HOLE. Since 1995 this happens in the context of the world trade organization.
One can differentiate between bringing in (and/or import), driving through (and/or transit) and export (and/or export) tariffs, depending upon that, with which placing of the commodity a charge is levied.
Tariff an import duty is meant in most cases with the term. These tariffs have today the greatest importance. By it a State of foreign exchange (revenue duty) wins or can protect domestic business enterprises against foreign competition (protective duty).
Transit duties are according to kind. V: 3 HOLE inadmissibly. In order to facilitate the transit traffic trucks, which only pass a country, to import or export carry without something into this country, those marking T.I.R. (transport Internationaux Routiers) and are verplombt. This does not apply to be brought for pre or raw products, those into a marketing area, processed there and be back-imported afterwards again into the original marketing area (improving traffic).
Duties on exports are raised only rarely, since it is usually in the interest of a country to sell goods to the foreign country and obtain thus incomes. Duties on exports raise the price of the export of goods and reduce it thereby. Particularly for developing countries there are however reasons to raise duties on exports:
The opposite of duties on exports are export subsidies.
Specific tariffs refer to a certain number, quantity or a condition of goods, for example 2 EUR tariff per T-Shirt, 3 EUR tariff per green and 4 EUR tariff per red shirt. Specific tariffs are only used on the area of the market regulations right as absorptions.
Switzerland uses as only trading nation to today the system of the specific tariff beginnings. Mainly thereby the gross weight of a commodity is used as assessment basis, whereby load aids are not considered such as Mehrwegpalletten or containers. The moreover one also the litre number (wine), the number of items (bicycles), the length in meters (kinematographische films), and number of use units (cattle sperm) are consulted for the calculation of the import duty. With the import of agricultural processing products of the European union the import duties are specified due to the dead weight of the imported products.
Ad valorem duties refer only to the value for customs purposes of a commodity. The tariff European Union deliveries are calculated on the basis a rate of duty of the value for customs purposes. The respective rate of duty of a commodity is short-lived and orients themselves at the retracting and extending this category of commodities according to goods directory for the foreign trade statistics of the statistic federal office. The tariff must hold the balance between in and exports of each commodity and set itself the goal of raising the value of a commodity by the value of this property in the customs union. Rates of duty are therefore underlaid for a constant on and off. Collections of duties cannot be determined to that extent with absolute security the day ago of the electronic collection in the dispatching system with the customs office. The rates of duty are seized in the customs tariff information pool TARIC and over Internet observably. A German customs office raises e.g. for the import
Ad valorem duties are the tariffs used today within the European union.
In the European union there are value borders, under which no collection takes place from tariffs. They are different depending upon kind of the transmission. If the total value does not exceed for each transmission 22 euro, and no alcoholic products, perfume, Eau de Toilettes, Tabak, Tabakwaren and no coffee is contained, from the European Union customs authorities on a transmission no import duties are raised.
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