The silver tree plants or (Proteaceae) are a family of the Bedecktsamer (Magnoliophyta).

Naming

The kind Protea and the family Proteaceae is designated after Proteus, the Greek sea God. Admits is Proteus for its art its shape constantly to be changed. The individual Taxa of the Proteaceae is in its shape, Habitus and above all sheets, also very different.

Circulation area

The ancestors of this family developed before the Urkontinent Gondwana approximately 150 million years ago broke apart. Their current area is disjunkt and corresponds mainly to the parts of Gondwana.Das circulation area of this family is limited to the southern hemisphere: South America, middle to southern Africa, south China to Australia, Japan, south India. Many of the kinds and kinds from the tri bus Proteae rank among the South African Kapflora.

Description

Habitus and sheets

Proteaceen are holzige plants: One can recognize trees or bush particularly in the morphology of the sheets with some kinds that it concerns a family with relatively original characteristics, which have sheets often Gabelnervatur (dichotom). The sheets exhibit variety at forms: from undivided to finely zerschlitzt there are all possibilities. Sometimes they are needle-like pointed and some Blattformen remind more of ferns than at seed plants.

Blooms and bloom conditions

The small single flowers are often to extensive and remarkable bloom conditions together. The blooms are relatively simply developed. The bloom covering is simple and The grew together with the bloom cladding sheets far. Each bloom contains only one Fruchtblatt, it contains one to numerous Samenanlagen. Between bloom cladding sheets and Fruchtknoten there is a gland circular consisting of four sheds or for the production of Nektar (the so-called Diskus).

Bloom formula: \ downarrow [P_ {(3) +1} \; A_4] \; G_1

Ecology

Dusting

The blooms are dusted either by insects or often by birds and also by marsupial mammals and rodents.

Pyrophyten

With Proteaceae kinds, which release their seeds only after a fire, are very frequent these kinds are strongly to adapt, the phenomenon call one fire trees or Pyrophyten. Examples are the silver oaks (Grevillea) and the Banksien (Banksia). The advantage for the plants participates that after a fire the location is nearly free of vegetation and was well fertilized the earth by ash.

The seeds get over the fire either:

• in thick seed bowls, for example with Banksien (Banksia),
• wrapped in the bloom conditions, for example with sugar shrubs (Protea),
• by rodents are buried, for example with silver trees (Leucadendron),
• or carried by ants into their buildings, for example with silver seed (Leucospermum).

Some kinds from areas without regular shrub fire, dismiss their seeds without outside effect short after time the ripe one.

Roots

Many representatives of the silver tree plants developed a strategy to take from the soil with high efficiency the few nutrients and minerals. Particularly the kinds, which grow in nutrient-poor soils, form the "proteoiden roots in such a way specified" after rainfalls very numerously. These are short-lived, short roots in close They grow mainly closely under the surface and are particularly qualified to take up those from the rain into the soil of rinsed nutrients and minerals.

Systematics

The family is arranged into four Unterfamilien and consists of approximately 1600 kinds in 77 generichere the Unterfamilien with a selection at kinds:

Unterfamilie Proteoideae

In these Unterfamilie are there 26 kinds with 640 kinds, with a spreading in Africa south the Sahara (particularly in the Kapflora) and Australia:

Tri bus Conospermae

Agastachys

Beaupreopsis

Beaurea

Cenarrhenes

Conospermum

Dilobeia

Isopogon

Petrophile: With 55 kinds.

'' Stirlingia'

Symphionema

Synaphea: With approximately 50 kinds.

Tri bus Franklandieae

Adenanthos

Franklandia

Tri bus Proteae

Aulax

Diastella

Faurea

Silver trees (Leucadendron): With 85 kinds.

Needle cushion silver trees, or silver seeds or mentioned by Floristen simply Nadelkissen, (Leucospermum)

MIME width unit

Orothamnus

Paranomus

Sugar shrubs (Protea): With 115 kinds.

Serruria

Sorocephalus

Spatalla

Vexatorella

Unterfamilie Grevilleoideae

In these Unterfamilie are there 45 kinds with 855 kinds:

Tri bus Banksieae

Austromuellera

Banksia (Banksia): With 80 kinds.

Dryandra: With 95 kinds.

Musgravea

Tri bus Macadamieae

Athertonia

Brabejum

Euplassa

Floydia

Gevuina

Heliciopsis

Hicksbeachia

Kermadecia

Lambertia

Macadamia (Macadamia)

Malagasia

Panopsis

Roupala

Sleumerodendron

Turillia

Virotia

Tri bus Knightieae

Cardwellia

Darlingia

Eucarpha

Knightia

Tri bus Helicieae

Helicia: With 100 kinds.

Hollandaea

Triunia

Xylomelum

Tri bus Embothrieae

Buckinghamia

Lomatia

Telopea

Opisthiolepis

Oreocallis

Embothrium

Stenocarpus

Strangea

Tri bus Grevilleeae

Finschia

Silver oaks (Grevillea): With approximately 350 kinds.

Hakea: With 150 kinds.

Unterfamilie Bellendenoideae

In these Unterfamilie is there only a monotypical kind, thus only a kind:

Tri bus Bellendenae

Bellendena

• Bellendena montana: Homeland: Tasmanien.

Unterfamilie Persoonideae

In these Unterfamilie is there 5 kinds with 110 kinds, its homeland is mainly Australia, in addition, Neukaledonien and New Zealand:

Tri bus Persoonieae

Garnieria

Persoonia: With 100 kinds.

Placospermum

not arranged in a Unterfamilie

Are not arranged in a Unterfamilie after that the listing with APG:

Sphalmium: Monotypical kind:

• Sphalmium racemosum: The homeland is the northern Queensland (Australia).

Carnarvonia

Literature

• Tony Rebelo: Proteas - A field guide ton the Proteas OF Southern Africa, Fernwood press 1995, ISBN 1-874950-02-4 (more softcover), ISBN 1-874950-18-0 (more hardcover)

Related links

• Proteaceae with APG (English)

Articles in category "Silver tree plants"

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