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Strategic oil reserve one calls a strategic provision with stocks of crude oil, gasoline, fuel oil and other oil intermediate products. The reserve serves to catch a potenziellen oil bottleneck of a country. In many countries the oil provision with stocks is legally regulated due to their meaning.
Since the discovery of large oil camps in the south of the United States oil replaced coal as source of energy. None of the ranges elementary for the human society, in particular however agriculture and transport get along without oil. Since a large part of stores is concentrated in the Near East, the oil must be transported to the consumers. This takes place by means of oiling anchors and pipelines.
Country widely the supplies cover approx. 23 million tons crude oil, gasoline, fuel oil and other oil intermediate products, whereby approx. 10.2 million tons of it been allotted to crude oil and to oil products already processed is allotted to 12.8 million tons. With this volume in emergency the German oil need could be maintained for approximately 90 days. The supply places for crude oil are completely predominantly in approx. 1000 to 1500 meters of depth in left open salt mines in Lower Saxony. The reserves at oil intermediate products are reproached aboveground in country widely distributed tank containers. The value of the reserves reaches about eleven billion euro with an oil price of 70 US Dollar per barrel.
Independently of the strategic reserve a federal crude oil reserve in such a way specified consisted of 7.32 million tons, which was developed from 1974 to 1981 and in salt plugs in close proximity to Wilhelmshaven, Bremen, Hamburg and a further place was stored. 1997 were arranged by the Federal Government at that time the sales of this reserve. Today are stored at different locations in the Federal Republic different fuels, Diesel and fuel oil as well as Flugbenzin, which, because already refines, are fast callable.
Although the provision with stocks obligation of the EBV amounts to 90 days, the total supply of crude oil and petroleum products is substantially higher in the Federal Republic of Germany. High quantities are particularly stored voluntarily by the consumers, within the fuel oil range. Further refineries possess operational existence for the Sicherstellung of their production enterprise.
The legal basis for the oil reserve is ensured by the law over the provision with stocks with oil and products of oil or oil provision with stocks law and supervised by the oil provision with stocks federation (EBV), in which all German enterprises are member, which introduce oil or process - thus also the large mineral oil companies. The EBV is a body of public right, which was created in the year 1978 by the mineral oil companies active in Germany, after the Federal Government had obligated already 1966 the companies to create at own expense a strategic oil contingency reserve with which the oiling system of the Federal Republic of Germany in war and crisis periods become temporarily secured can. The EBV has its administrative seat in Hamburg. The costs, which result from the provision with stocks, are put down at a value of approx. 0.5 cent per litre on the price by gasoline and fuel oil. The EBV may sell only on instruction of the Federal Minister for Economic Affairs the reserves to the current market price. Say have besides the international energy agency and the European Union. 1991 was attacked the oil reserves in Germany during the Gulf War, when the barrel cost 30.55 dollar.
Up-to-date after the disaster in new Orleans and the oil prices risen strongly as consequence to it approx. 450,000 m are released
The oil reserve of Austria consists of 2.8 million tons oil and petroleum products, which are to cover the supply of the country for 90 days.
Switzerland stores oil in the form of gasoline, Diesel, Flugbenzin and fuel oil. These reserves cover the need for four and one-half months. The existence was put on into the 1940er-Jahren and touched since then only once in the year 2005 because of the consequences hurricane of the Katrina.
The strategic oil reserve of the USA (Strategic petroleum reserve) with a capacity of 727 million barrel (116 millions m3) crude oil stores in former salt plugs in Texas and Louis IANA and in crisis situations is tapped. The depots were put on due to the experiences of the world-wide oil crisis 1973. The oil is stored in more than 1000 meters depth in underground salt plugs, which were rinsed out for this purpose with water. Four stores of the oil reserve are because of the gulf of Mexico. The individual oil-immersed Kavernen has extents of 600 meters of depth and 60 meters of diameters and to seize 5 to 30 million barrels.
Since stores are heated from downside by the terrestrial heat, a circulation of the liquid (convection) develops. Thus the composition of the oil remains constantly, because no components can sedimentieren. That is, that the oil can be stored over decades without quality losses.
The USA can its entire oil need for 35 days with the strategic oil reserve cover, because the country needs daily approximately 20 million barrel oil. With rationing measures it became up to 60 days is enough.
After the terrorist attacks 2001 US president George W. Bush let the oil reserves up to the full storage capacity fill up.
In August 2005 to the oil reserve one fell back, after the hurricane temporarily brought the oil production to Katrina in the gulf of Mexico to succumbing and consequently the oil price rose to over 70 US Dollar per barrel.
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