A Strategem (also Strategema or Stratagem) describes a ruse, a trick or a manipulativen trick in the political, military or private life. Admits is in particular thirty six the Strategeme, which is attributed to the Chinese general Tan Daoji ("† 436). The word Strategem comes from the old-Greek and designates there the field gentleman activity (stratos = army, agein = lead).

Strategeme in China

In China checking up and use of cunning are highly respected and maintained. Chinese authors designated and systematized different outwitting techniques. This stands contrary to the European tradition, which outlawed the use of lists and deceptions.

Strategeme play already in Sunzis work Sunzi Bingfa (Sunzi bingfa) over the war art (about 500 v. Chr.) an important role. Particularly is in China the Strategeme, which is to go on general Tan Daoji ("† 436, admits thirty six) back. They became written by the treatise Sanshiliu Ji. Miben Bingfa (the 36 Strategeme -, developed for private ledger of the war art around 1500) delivers. The author is in particular not well-known, however supposed became from Zhao Benxue a military historian from the Ming time (1368-1644) or one its pupil affects.

The 36 Strategeme flowed into a multiplicity of stories over military, diplomatic and private topics. To it among other things stories belong around Zhuge Liang, Cao Cao and Liu.

The 36 Strategeme

The 36 Strategeme read:

1. The sky (i.e. the emperor), deceive and the sea cross. The emperor is to be brought against his will to cross the sea by in-loading it into a house at the sea, which is in reality a ship. = goal camouflage and course masking
2. To save Wei, which besiege unprotected capital of the state, in order Zhao, that by the armed force of the State of Wei attacked ally. Attack on an important and/or sensitive goal of the opponent, in order to divert from the own. The Strategem on a material war course of the realm Qi on advice of the military strategist Sun is been based in the time the arguing realms.
3. Kill with the measurer of another. A deputy war to lead leave; a stooge use.
4. Rested the exhausted enemy expect.
5. A conflagration for a robbery use. Chaos produce and for the attack use ''.
6. Are noisy in the east, in the west attack. Simulated attack
7. Produce from nothing something.
   1. nonstop false alarms, which lead leaving attention,
   2. the Vorgaukeln of a deceit picture for an advantage gain or a convicition change use
   3. diffamieren, rumors strew, from a mosquito an elephant make
8. Visibly the wood bars repair, secretly after Chencang march.
   1. the march direction mask,
   2. the unusual intention, criticism behind normal, harmless doing hide.
9. As indifferently the conflagration on the opposite bank observe. Own actions omit, until the situation developed for the own advantage.
10. Hide the Dolch behind the smile.
11. The plum tree in place of the Pfirsichbaums to dry up leave.
    1. sacrifice themselves, in order to save others
    2. the other one sacrifice, in order to save itself
    3. somebody sacrifice, in order to save third
    4. a small victim bring, in order to win something valuable
12. With more easily hand spirit at present lead away one unexpectedly the sheep running over the way. The opportunity with the tuft pack.
13. On the grass strike, around which queues aufzuscheuchen. Knock on the shrubs, intimidate, provoke.
14. For the return of the soul a body check-out counters. Something fear, loving, traditional for intimidation and/or encouragement again to revive leave.
15. The tiger of the mountain into the level lure. on the ice lead
    1. the tiger from the familiar terrain away-lure around it more easily to hunt
    2. the tiger away-lure around its lighter mountain which can be defended to seize
    3. the tiger weaken, by removing its most important aid
    4. the children of the tiger catch, if is away-lured
16. If one wants to catch something, one must release it first.
17. A brick throw, around a Jadestein to attain with the sausage after the bacon side throw; seals
18. If one wants to make a gang of robbers innocuous, one must catch their leader.
19. Pull the firewood away under the boiler. The water abgraben; resources from the opponent extract
20. , In order of their clear view robbed fish cloud the water to catch. In clouding fish; Disorientation use around trailers to win.
21. The cicada their gold-shining covering. All wrong outward appearances behind itself, invented for strategic purposes, leave. Like the skin of the cicada the front remains intact, but the actual happening takes place now other place one.
22. The close and the thief catch.
23. Itself with the far enemy groups, in order to attack the close enemy.
24. A way by Yu for an attack on Guo check-out counters, in order to likewise conquer thereafter Yu.
25. Steal without change of the front of a house the Tragbalken and the supporting posts exchange. others the top management abwerben; a Mogelpackung present
26. The acacia scolding to the Maulbeerbaum show. The bag strike and the donkey mean
27. act like
28. On the roof lure, in order to then pull away the ladder.
29. Dry one of trees with flowers decorate.
30. The role of the guest into those of the host turn around. The position of the opponent ursupieren
31. The Strategem of the beautiful woman
32. The Strategem of the empty city. An ambush pretend, which masks the own weakness
33. The Strategem of the discord sowing
34. The Strategem of the suffering meat hurt themselves around sympathy to excite
35. The chain Strategem. two or several Strategeme link
36. Punctual running away

Other Strategeme

In the antique one circulated probably a set of writings with Strategemsammlungen. Of it however all were lost up to two. The older both written Roman statesman and field gentleman Sextus Iulius Frontinus (* around 40, "† 103) than councellors for officers. Second arranged the Greek Rhetor (speaker) and lawyer (* around 100).

Tricks from European prince mirror can be read as Strategeme, as for instance the pieces of advice from Machiavellis the prince. Likewise can be understood the tricks of its Eristi dialectic specified by Arthur Schopenhauer as Strategeme. Of Schopenhauer kongenial "Handorakel and art of the world intelligence" translated contains many the Strategeme in its concise and short kind. It is at least equal the books of Sunzi etc.

In the Arab area is a half dozen of papers, which are occupied with lists in (at present applied) the Islamic right. Besides a more general work exists to 15 named Raqa"´iq aluminium-hilal fi daqa"´iq aluminium-hiyal from that. Century. A further originates from the Sicilian Ibn Zafer from that 12. Century. Stands for it the Indian text book Arthacatsra of Kautilya (4. Century v. Chr.) opposite.

Literature

• Existing building, Marco: Strategies for campaigns. Classical lessons and modern Targeting. In: ders. (Hrsg.): Campaign! New strategies for election campaign, PR and Lobbying. 2001 (medium practice; 1.), P. 11-44.
• Frontin (US, Sextus Iulius): War lists. Latin and German of Gerhard Bendz. 2. durchges. Aufl. Berlin, 1978.
• Greene, Robert: Power - the 48 laws of power, dtv, ISBN 3-423-36248-0
• Polyaenus: Strategems OF was. Edited and translated by Peter Krentz and Everett L. Wheeler. 2 volumes. Chicago, 1994.
• Senger, Harro of: Strategeme, which famous 36 Strategeme of the Chinese - be enough as secret knowledge guarded, for the first time in the west presented, for joke, ISBN 3-502-15660-3.
• Senger, Harro of: Strategeme. Life and survival lists from three millenia, 10. Aufl. Berne, Munich, Vienna: Joke 2000

See also

Tactics (military), list of military tactics, history of military tactics, surprise, defense, attack, maneuver, security,

Co-operation, concentration, economics, simplicity

Related links

• 36 Strategeme - Web appearance of Harro of Senger
• Course offer of Matracon AG

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