The production of threads designates spiders.

Approaches representation

Spiders is, like a weaving, one of the oldest techniques of mankind. In the course of the time the procedure was refined gradually and it developed new procedures for the production of threads. Therefore has spiders today three meanings:

• By spiders frequently the whole process of the production of yarns from individual fibers is understood. This contains a cleaning, a mixing and parallel putting of the fibers as well as the thread formation through forgiven and rotating including following Aufspulen.
• In addition, spiders only the subprocess of twisting and rotating fibers is called. With spiders by hand know the fibers quasi directly with the spin wheel already versponnen to become, with machine spiders must the fibers in an arranged strand, which Streckband, to be present. By drawing and one receives the desired Garnfeinheit and firmness to linen threads.
• Historically caused also the production of synthetic or naturenear fibers is called by pressing out liquid plastic of nozzles spiders. One speaks here of bloom, wet or drying spiders, depending on how the plastic was liquefied. The developing fibers are stretched, but does not rotate, therefore such fibers are not yet sufficient rigid. Often synthetic fibers must afterwards into pieces cut and "correctly" gesponnen to become.

Versponnen become all fibers: Vegetable fibers such as cotton, synthetic fibers such as PET, animal fibers such as wool, in former times human hair or mineral fibers such as asbestos.

The product with spiders is called yarn. The expression thread is not used here. The most important characteristics of a gesponnenen yarn is beside the used fiber the weight per length (Garnfeinheit) and the Festikgeit (reference stretch/tearing strength). In principle applies: The more finely the yarn, the more expensively is it.

The quality of the used fibers and the kind, how they will versponnen, are determining for many characteristics late textile developing from it.

A finished gesponnenes yarn can be processed in most different kind, e.g.:

• Linen threads
• Weave
• Cords
• Work (textile)
• Sew

History

Gesponnen by hand already became in old Egypt. In the Middle Ages the hand spin wheel was invented, end 18. Jh. the first spin machine, the Spinning Jenny. 1769 were announced the first spin machine with water wheel drive to the patent, the Waterframe. An advancement of the Waterframe and the Jenny was the Selfaktor. In the center 19. Jh. was invented the Ringspinnen, which remained to today the most important spin procedure.

Mythology

Spiders often a role in the myth plays and some fate goddesses - so the Greek Klotho - is assigned (see Moiren, Parzen).

Spiders by hand

Spiders took place by hand either with bare hands or but with a hand spindle. The raw fiber was fastened thereby on a Kunkel, in order to keep the fiber arranged. A further device to spiders is by hand the spin wheel, with which the development of the mechanical Spinnens began. It is mentioned already 1298 in a chronicle by Speyer and dips into 13. Century also in different other European regions up. Its origin is to be looked for in China. One finds the first referring to the wing pin wheel in the house book of the prince family Waldburg Wolfegg from 1480. The of attributed invention of this Spinnrades might be a legend. Around 1500 also Leonardo da Vinci designed a wing pin wheel.

Spiders industrially

Today spinning mills exist in the industrial nations only isolate. The machines to spiders and for all preliminary stages come in addition, today from Zentraleuropa.Der whole spin process are divided still predominantly into many individual work procedures, about which the Ringspinnen and rotor spiders are the most important. The preparing steps read:

1. Open the bundle with a bundle opener
2. Cleaning of the raw fibers of dirt and fat remainders with wool or of remainders of the seed caps with the cotton
3. Align the fibers with a Karde to a strand partial of parallel fibers, the Kardenband
4. Brought together and distances of several on a distance for the increase of the uniformity or for manufacturing mixing fibers. Stretching is usually twice accomplished.
5. To the Ringspinnen the Streckband can be still combed, if it consists of langstapliger cotton. Thus a still even yarn is obtained. In any case must the Streckband on a Vorspinnmaschine, also Flyer mentioned, to a Vorgarn, which will vorgesponnen Lunte.

That comes only now actual spiders. One knows mainly two large procedures: The ring and rotor spiders.

Other procedures are, the air spin procedure, Umwindespinnverfahren

Spin machines

The development of the mechanical spinning mill:

1738 first functional spin machine of Lewis Paul and John Wyatt

1767 Spinning Jenny of James Hargreaves

1769 Water Frame of Richard Arkwright - first spin machine used in larger extent industrielle

1771 first mechanical spinning mill in Cromford/England by Richard Arkwright

1779 Mule of Samuel Crompton. It combines Produktionselemente of the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame

1783 establishment of the first mechanical spinning mill on the European mainland by Johann Gottfried in Ratingen

1785 steam engine find entrance into spinning mill, first for feeding the water wheels, one year later also than drive engine

1810 flax spin machine of Philipp de Girard

1828 ring pin machine by John Thorpe

1830 Selfactor by Richard Robert

1955 conception of the first functional, of Julius Meimberg developed rotor pin machine on the international textile machine exhibition in Brussels.

Ringspinnen

Common the Ringspinnen is furthest, where a Lunte is stretched approximately by the factor 40-50 and rotated thereby. A small metal ring (runner) rotated with it on a circular course, the ring, over a spindle, gives the turn to the thread and rolls the yarn up on a case, the Kops. Following the Ringspinnen several small Kopse are rewound on a larger coil (Kreuzspule). Large spinning mills possess today in the order of magnitude of 100.000 spin places. A finished ring yarn possesses a titer of approximately 5-400 tex.

For spiders of long TAP leagues fiber yarns from wool, long TAP leagues chemical fibres as well as whose mixture one knows several spin procedures: 1.Kammgarnspinnverfahren 2.Halbkammgarnspinnverfahren 3.Streichgarn-Spinnverfahren 4.Alternative spin procedure (e.g. Compact spin procedure, V-Spinnverfahren as well as DREF Spinnverfahren)

Rotor spiders

Rotor spiders (also: To OE-rotor-spiders, English open end) is somewhat more rarely to be found, but from the principle more simply. It is suitable for somewhat rougher yarns. The Vorspinnen on the Flyer is void, the machine can be supplied directly with the Streckband. The Streckband is dissolved first into individual fibers and by an air flow into a very fast turning drum - which rotor - carries. The fibers are pressed by acceleration evenly to the inner wall of the rotor, from where they can to be taken off and to a yarn be formed. The yarn is wound up directly on a Kreuzspule, rewinding is void. A finished rotor yarn possesses a titer of approximately 10-400 tex, is not not as haarig as ring yarn and has less Festigkeit.Die productivity of a rotor spinning mill lies however around for instance 10 times over some Ringspinnerei.

Spiders of synthetic fibers

The melt spinning designates the production of synthetic Vorgarnen from a polymer melt. A liquid, there hot polymer is pressed, drawn, cooled down and wound up by a stencil with several holes. Such infinitely long fibers, filaments, can be cut into pieces and be mixed with cotton stapels or fleece wool. Such a mixture can be converted during a further spin process to yarn. In order to give to this filament yarn special three-dimensional structures, the yarn can be texturiert.

The oldest spin procedure for nature near fibers is the viscose rayon procedure. Here the polymer is chemically loosened and with pressures between 5 and 20 bar into a bath. Because of this bath the viscose rayon procedure for wet spiders is counted. Only in the second half 20. Jh. succeeded it to control the high pressures, which are necessary for pressing out synthetic melted polymers. Some plastics are liquefied with a solvent, which evaporates after the withdrawal from the nozzles and leaves firm of plastic filaments. In this case one speaks of drying spiders, since no bath is needed.

Perhaps the most frequently used polymer is PET, such fibers is available e.g. under the label name Trevira.

Related links

• Spiders with the hand spindle (landscape museum upper Main)
• Wollspinnerin in the Middle Ages clothes, social surrounding field, articles of the medieval Spinnens and textile handicraft

Literature

• Hermann Kirchenberger, spinning mill 2000, publishing house Bondi, vienna Perchtoldsdorf 1986, ISBN 3-9000-0810-8
• Dietmar Fries, "spinning mill technology - Kammgarn Halbkammgarn Streichgarn", working group total textile, Eschborn 1996, ISBN 3-926685-73-5
• Waltraud Holtz honey, "father spinnt", being enough/Mueller, ISBN 3-7844-7367-9

Articles in category "Spiders"

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