Soil erosion is by water or wind released and by the activity of humans strengthened excessive demolition of soils, which can lead to soil depletion (soil degradation) up to soil destruction. (See also: Erosion)

Types

Even 2 heading

• Line-clung erosion develops where flowing off water bundles itself. The concentrated discharge produces gutters or with larger extent notches or ravines in the area. Backwalking erosion can develop, with which a particularly steep slope or a submarine contour in the course of progressive erosion moves uphill.
• Planar erosion (Denudation) becomes through on the soil impacting rain drop or through on the surface flowing off water causes--81.62.134.11 14:56, 4 June 2006 (CEST) [--81.62.134.11 14:56, 4 June 2006 (CEST) http://www.beispiel.de link text--81.62.134.11 14:56, 4 June 2006 (CEST)]t. Thus the soil is set lower a little evenly creeping more or.
• Wind erosion particularly plays on light soils a role. The effect of the wind erosion exists in the rise and blowing of the highest Bodenschichten, which are again deposited at other place. (See also: transport)

Affecting factors

Climatic and weather features, those the Bod

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• Long continuous, frequent and strong precipitation (water erosion). They produce discharge on the which eroding works.
• Water realms Schneedecken, which melt fast (snow erosion).
• Storms with high wind velocities (wind erosion).

Substrate and soil characteristics, which promote erosion processes:

• Small pore volumes for river (see in addition: Soil (Bodenkunde))
• Inclination to the surface compression and small stability of the aggregate
• small infiltration capacities

The relief affects the speed and quantity of the flowing off water:

• The more largely the slope inclination, the faster flows the water off => stronger erosion
• The quantity of the discharge increases with long slopes and with surface forms, with which the water of several slopes collects itself.

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Measures for the reduction of the erosion

A field use in Hanglagen without soil erosion is not completely possible. A realistic goal can only be of limiting the soil erosion to a bearable measure. Very deep soils today a soil erosion is considered tolerable by maximally 10t/ha and year (according to a layer thickness of for instance 0,6mm). In view of the slow soil new formation by decomposition procedures should-italic text-italic text-italic text-italic text-italic text [italic text] [

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] width unit this value generally to be however substantially fallen below. Over the erosion on areas of arable land to dam it must be ensured primarily that rain water accumulates not on the and flows off upper-laminar. That can be reached by two kinds of measures:

• Promotion of the Bodengare: Humus supply, limewashing, careful cultivation, avoidance of soil compaction and - incrustation promote the of the soil. At the same time they reduce thereby the erosion danger. With be astonished-eaten soils the regulation of the water regime (e.g. drainage) has a similar erosion-reducing effect.
• Mulchbewirtschaftung: The most important measure to the protection from soil erosion is leaving Pflanzenresten on the (Mulch). A Mulchdecke breaks the impact strength of the rain drops, increases the water infiltration in the Unterboden and decreases thereby the ==

s.

The seed into a Mulchschicht is applicable in almost all cultures. It is possible after basic cultivation with and without plow. Find intermediate fruit to the Mulchbereitung use, then this after summer furrow are ordered predominantly. The intermediate fruit ordered carefully after plowing leads apart from the erosion protection to a reduction of the nitrate discharge and to a stabilization of the On favorable locations row cultures without additional Saatbettbereitung can be sown in the spring (Mulchsaat without Saatbettbereitung). The procedure Mulchsaat with Saatbettbereitung is to be used, if soils warm up slowly and dry with delay. In drying situations accumulating of the summer intermediate fruit is endangered with being missing precipitation. Under such local conditions plowless cultivation is also on the surface left or flat eingemulchten Pflanzenresten of the Vorfrucht a way to the erosion reduction.

The following worked satisfactorily for the Mulchbereitung:

• Mustard (in the cultivation of sugar beet nematodenresistente sorts) is a little fastidious, surely abfrierende kind. With punctual sowing (at the end of of August) it forms sufficiently branch mass for a good ground cover.
• Phacelia requires a Saatbett and an earlier sowing. The order of the main fruit in the Phaceliamulch causes few difficulties because of small coverage.
• As wintering kinds grasses (in particular the German Weidelgras and come into consideration. Before sowing of the main culture the intermediate fruit buildup is to be usually killed by chemical treatment.

Management transverse to the slope

In order to prevent that water flows off in the drop line (danger of the ditch erosion), is those management transverse to the slope, best parallel to the contour to take place. Thus the erosion-promoting lanes in slope direction are avoided. In the context of the Flurneuordnung if the field borders are again drawn and if the way and waters net are removed, then the impacts are to be put on in such a way that transverse management can take place. Old field terraces, climbing and hedges are to be received, so far this possible are.

of the erosiven slope length

The flow distance and thus the transportation strength of the are limited by a of the slope length. A simple step is the partitioning of a large surface in two patches transverse to the slope, which are ordered alternating with winter and/or summer cultures. With the criterion slope length is closely the question about the still justifiable impact size connected. Given location conditions and the existing structural components essentially give the frameworks. Out economic and work-technical obligations out the demanded pool by impacts is to be agreed only if thereby the tolerable soil erosion is not exceeded.

Protection from wind erosion

Erosion above all feinsandige, humose soils are, in particular field-structurally used boggy soils. An evergreen ground cover forms the most effective erosion protection. Where this is not possible, the soil must be protected by wind protection planting against soil erosion. It depends on the correct structure and distance of the protective strips. Wind protection plants do not only serve the erosion defense, but they create at the same time a growth-friendly small climate. They decreasing the unproductive evaporation and offer protection and habitat to animals and plants.

Soil erosion in Europe

More than half of the surfaces in Europe are damaged in different measure by water erosion. About a fifth of the surfaces is damaged, in particular by wind erosion in South-east Europe.

• In the Scandinavian countries Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark applies the water erosion as Hauptproblem, not only because of the negative effects it on the soils and the agriculture to have can, but also because of their substantial contribution for the phosphorus load of waters. The erosion danger is not there however, with exception of the water erosion on Iceland, due to the mild climate and the little erosion-susceptible soils engraving.
• In the Mediterranean region heavy erosive precipitation after long dry periods, which comes down on steep slopes with endangered soils and causes substantial erosion damage, follows.
• In northwest Europe the soil erosion is comparatively small, because the rain comes down on usually gently dropping slopes and is evenly distributed over the whole year. Consequently the surface concerned by erosion is quite small.

See also

• Desertifikation
• Bodenschutz

Literature

• H. readers: Landscape ecology. 4. Aufl., Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3825205215
• H. - R. Bork, H. Bork, C. Dalchow, B. Faust, H. - P. Piorr, Th. Treasure: Landscape development in Central Europe. Klett Perthes, Gotha 1998, ISBN 3623008494
• M. Fox, A. Lang, J. Maran: Reconstruction of an antique landscape. In: Spektrum der Wissenschaft, November 2003

Articles in category "Soil erosion"

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