Safeguards / Development assistance

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The term Safeguards is used in the English linguistic area and from international organizations to the designation of "security measures ", in the sense of protective mechanisms. This varies strongly context depending, e.g. with Weltbank/IWF or with IAEA/EURATOM.

Safeguards for atomic material monitoring

The IAEA (international Atomic Energy Agency) uses and marks with "Safeguards "measures for the monitoring of nuclear material. In German for this also the expressions safeguard control, gap material monitoring or nuclear fuel river control are common.

The measures stand in connection with the tendency to prevent the further spread (Proliferation further) of nuclear weapons if possible. The monitoring of the Nichtverbreitung serves the verification of the correctness the State of required declarations which can be supervised from one to by regional (EURATOM) or international (IAEA) organizations.

The Safeguards is based on the following regulations:

1. Contract for the establishment of the European Atomic Energy Community EURATOM, Kapitel VII:

Article 77: The commission has to make sure" that" the special fissile materials are not used for others than the purposes indicated of their users. Article 81: As far as this is necessary for the monitoring, the supervisors have" at any time to all places, documents and persons entrance"

2. Contract over the Nichtverbreitung of nuclear weapons (NPT):

Article II: Renouncement of acceptance, production and acquisition of core explosive article III: Obligation to the acceptance of safeguards for Nichtkernwaffenstaaten in accordance with condition of the IAEA statute, sample agreement INFCIRC/153 corr.

3. Verification agreement INFCIRC/193 (corresponds to the sample agreement INFCIRC/153 corr.):

Article 28: A goal" the safeguards is the punctual discovery of the branching of significant quantities of nuclear material of peaceful nuclear activities for the production of nuclear weapons and other core explosives" as well as the deterrence of such a branching by the risk of early discovery.

World Bank Safeguards

With IWF and World Bank, as also with a number of other multilateral development banks the Safeguards (actually "Safeguard Policies ") designates administrative regulations, which place the legal framework for the granting of credit by the two institutions and secure these in such a way.

The Safeguards consists on the one hand of such, which the central disbursement on and - administration by the credit-taking country regulate and actually determined bank minimum standard specify. This is v.a. with the IWF Safeguards the case.

The moreover one the World Bank developed a set of Safeguards, which specify determined environmental and social standards when using the credits for projects and programs in the recipient country. This Safeguards is out-formulated in the form of so-called operational Policies (OI), which is obligatory by the World Bank on financings, both for the credit-taking country, as well as for the World Bank, which is usually strongly into the project development involved.

The Safeguards developed from different Regularien. In addition count the statute of the World Bank ("Articles OF Agreement "), instructions and internal "Best Practices "- manuals. The Safeguards is subject to constant modernization. They are a contractual component of the credit agreement with World Bank credits. Offences by the credit-taking country can retard or interrupt the disbursement of the following Kredittranchen. If the World Bank offends against its Safeguards, the independent Inspection panel can be called in addition.

The Safeguards regulates among other things, when and to hold how environmental compatibility tests are to be accomplished, as in cases of resettlements is to be proceeded, as indigene peoples protected too are, when and as consultations with the population concerned or as in the context from projects to is to be treated biotopes and Habitate.

The Safeguards finds broad acknowledgment, also with the sharpest critics of the World Bank. On initiative of the World Bank daughter internationally Finance corporation (IFC) committed themselves in the meantime 24 major banks on the so-called equator principles, how the freiwillige contain acceptance and conversion of the World Bank Safeguards.

The most important Safeguards is the following 10:

Environmental Assessment (OI 4.01)
Natural Habitats (OI 4.04)
Plague management (OI 4.09)
Involuntary Resettlement (OI 4.12)
Indigenous People (OI 4.20)
Forests (OI 4.36)
Safety OF Dams (OI 4.37)
Projects on internationally Waterways (OI 7.50)
Projects in Disputed AREAs (OI 7.60)
Management OF Cultural Property in bank Financed Projects (OI 11.03)

At present the environmental and social standard of the World Bank are revised after the realizations from the Extractive Industries Review by Dr. Emil Salim. On 26 January 2006 the German Bundestag treats the topic in a debate.