A record is a round, usually black disk, on the clay/tone is similarly noted. The Schallsignale are stored in a spiral, for the center of the plate running groove, whose deflection corresponds to the sound amplitude. Usually both on the front and on the back of the record one notes. The formats long playing record (also LP for Long Play called) are most frequent and single, on which per side only one music piece is noted usually. During the recording for physical reasons the heights are raised (pre-emphasis) and the depths weakened, with which rendition must the frequency response is again In addition there is a standardized characteristic after RIAA. For the Entzerren one uses a or a special pick-up. Crystal sensing systems do not need additional since them the frequency response by their physical characteristics of itself from entzerren.

History of the record

Prehistory

Forerunner of the record was theoretically first independent of Charles the Cros described, 1877 of Thomas Alva Edison of Cros again invented and Phonograph announced to the patent. The tones were stored thereby on a wax cylinder with more helically clay pure, whereby the principle of amplitude deflection was used first directly acoustically without electrical transformation.

Charles Sumner Tainter

Already in the year 1880 the US-American physicist Charles Sumner Tainter (Columbia Graphophone company) makes the discovery that many technical disadvantages of the Edison' rollers could be eliminated, if one flattens clay-purely spiral into the surface round disk would engrave. Tainter developed the prototypes of an appropriate photograph apparatus and manufactured some taped wax plates, gave the attempts however due to technical problems after short time. Tainters wax plates are today in the Smithsonian of institutes in Washington; they are considered as the first records of the world.

Emil citizen of Berlin

Independently of Tainter, which had not published its ideas, the inventor and Industrielle Emil citizen of Berlin arrived with his attempts with the Edison Phonographen at a similar improvement concept in the year 1887. It had been concerned several years long with the Edison Phonographen and in former times as Edison recognized that the future of the sound recording lay primarily in the maintenance range. As a businessman he saw the crucial weak point of the Phonographen in the missing duplication possibility of the wax rollers and used his time and trouble with priority on the solution of this problem.

1887 succeeded to it the crucial break-through of its inventor existence: it designed equipment, which converted the acoustic waves not as with Edisons Phonographen in vertical, but into horizontal motion of a needle; these mechanical oscillations let he into one thickly with soot covered glass plate scratch. After chemical hardening of the soot it was in a the position to make on galvanoplastic way a zinc positive and from this a negative of the plate which could be used as stamps for pressing as many as desired positives - the record was invented. To 4. May 1887 was given to citizens of Berlin for its idea the US patent No. 372.786.

The oldest to citizen of Berlin record received today is on 25 October 1887 zinc positive made by citizen of Berlin. The new recording method was presented to the public for the first time in a report of the magazine Electrical World from 12 November 1887; the earliest for the purpose of demonstration made Zinkplatten had a diameter of 28 cm and with approximately 30 UpM one Spieldauer of four minutes. In the following months citizen of Berlin continued to develop his procedure in co-operation with the technician Werner sweet, by replacing the soot-coated glass by a zinc or a copper plate covered with wax. After the engraving of the Schallrille into the layer of wax the plate was exposed to a which did not attack still with wax covered the parts of the plate, which etched opened grooves in however into the metal, so that after distance of the wax a durable metallic Ur-plate developed, which could be used for the production of the press stencils.

To 16. May 1888 presented first functional equipment, which it called the time-typical preference for following Grammophon, to citizen of Berlin the scientists of the Franklin of institutes in Philadelphia. In August 1888 he began for the first time to test actually from the outset the intended duplication of its Zinkplatten by presses of the negatives into soft material. First it used Zelluloid, which it referred directly from the inventor of this material, John W. Hyatt, and soon as technically unsuitable showed themselves as molding compound. From as Hyatt the disks first experimental Zelluloidplatten admitted only very few copies remained preserved.

In July 1889 citizen of Berlin came due to materialkundlicher attempts to the conclusion that vulcanized hard rubber exhibits the most favorable characteristics as press material, and judged its invention for developed enough, in order to introduce the beginning of series production. It went on investor search, encountered however at the US-American industry little resonance. Therefore it traveled in August 1889 to Germany, in order to demonstrate the Grammophon potential prospective customers. On 26 November 1889 it demonstrated the equipment to the being astonished expert of the citizens of Berlin electrotechnical society, which accepted it immediately as a member.

Articles in category "Record"

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