With the classical printing it acts around a high-pressure method, that mainly by Johannes good mountain in the center 15. Century one invented and one established.

Today books are mostly printed in the offset printing procedure, rarely in the gravure technique. The latter is mostly used for magazines and catalogs. The newest procedure (conditions 2005) is the digital pressure. During with the offset printing still to be produced, one does to pressure plates (artworks) with digital compression matters completely without the production of artworks. These techniques create the conditions for "the Book on and ".

Technology of the classical typography

To enterprise the typography necessary type or type character disintegrate in german type, Antiqua and writing beside to due pointing and other indication (asterisk, paragraph etc.); their diversity and richness is an extraordinary. One differentiates it according to its kind with respect to bread and Zierschriften as well as according to their design with respect to gothical, kanzlei, grotesque etc. writings, furthermore their cone after, i.e. after the classes, into which all writings of the height of their type picture are according to divided. To the writings belong also the excluding, i.e. metal bits without typeface and about a fifth lower than the actual types (Spatien, quarter, third, Halbgevierte, Gevierte, squares); they serve for the separation of the words, for filling out empty lines etc. similar purposes serve the leading, metal panel of to four typographic points strength and mostly 36 and 48 points a width at 54 points height, often in addition, of the whole width of the lines (Regletten). One through-shoots thereby the line set, i.e. one puts such panels between the lines, which appear moved away then; but the leading is used also with the production of difficult sentence (tables etc.).

Form and file of types

Each type carries a groove, at the front (in Finland and France at the back) of its body the signature, for immediate correct seizing of the type; and there these grooves differently are for the different, often however nevertheless very similar type kinds, then they facilitate also for their distinction. (A disorder of types of different writing kinds or also different types and the same kind is called "bulb fish ".)

The types intended for work and newspaper set lie in wooden setting box with approximately 110 subjects for german type (German) and 160 for Antiquasatz, i.e. Latin, English, French etc.; the larger fan number becomes under Accentbuchstaben and The eastern speaking and the sentence of Musiknoten, mathematical and chemical formulas require box with still more subjects. The size of the fan is to that more or less frequent occurrences of the letters adapted, and also their situation in the box depends on it. The setting box rests for instance in on a desk-like rack (shelf), which with subjects for pushing in the box is provided.

Use of the types

Before the shelf the Schriftsetzer (typesetter) stands, holds in the left hand the Winkelhaken made of metal (in former times often from wood and laid out with metal), a kind, the flat small box with adjustable left side panel, open after two sides, forms, into which the typesetter with the right hand leads and to lines arranges the types from the subjects. The manuscript (the collecting main is called in such a way, even if it is printed an already) is mostly to a wood or a metal bar (Tenakel) with a kind fork (Divisorium) held and in comfortable Sehweite on the setting box attached. If a line is filled, then it must be excluded, i.e. it must receive those exactly to the respective format appropriate width moderately firmly and sit in the Winkelhaken, which is reached either by Verengerung of the word gaps, in order to bring exceeding word parts still into the area of the line, or the gaps are widened by adding excluding. On the regularity and care, with which this work is implemented, the good appearance of the sentence in the pressure depends substantially.

If the line is completed, then the thin plate is out-pulled and over-put from smooth metal, the reglet, which you served so far as document, under it and with setting so long continues, until the Winkelhaken is filled with lines. These are then lifted all at one time with a skillful handle on a ship, i.e. on a angleright Brettchen provided on two or three sides with a raised edge (or Zinkplatte), until the number of lines necessary for the education of a column or a side (column) or also a package is reached. If the typesetter sets in sides, then he has to provide these also with a running headline, which is dead called, if it consists only of the page number, or more living, as soon as it contains a keyword or a short indication of side contents; on its foot however it puts one for the achievement of safer stop suppresses, consisting of squares or sidebroad and umwindet the whole then with a firm string, the Kolumnenschnur.

If the sentence is well implemented, then the side must to be been busy now be able, as if it would consist only of a piece. The completed sides are kept either up to the completion of the number on Papierlagen (haven pages), necessary for a pressure elbow, or equivalent posed on boards (setting boards) or closing plates and closing stones in a certain, the sequence of the sides appropriate sequence (out-shot), where then wood or metal webs of the width white the area necessary remaining on the paper for merging (federation, cross and centre web) around the sides put, which removes (the sides "dissolved ") and iron framework obtains the forms either with iron screws, wood wedges and bevelling gene or also with particularly designed toothed bars and wedges etc. to be closed, i.e. fastened in such a way that those whole form to be raised and in the press, consisting of many thousands of type characters, laid down can, without only one letter from the sides falls.

The side forming (make up) and latches and the Unterleitung of the production of a work which is connected with it meanwhile mostly procure (with newspapers it is without exception the case) thereby skillful typesetters particularly entrusted, "Metteurs the EN of pages "; this function, with which the typesetter has to supply with only pieces (packages, of it package setters) of smooth sentence under Weglassung of all headings out to different than for the text record of related writing, is called "Mise EN of pages ". One achieves the easier determination of the sequence the finished elbow by attaching a number right at the foot first and repetition of the same number together with asterisks at the foot of the third side, the signature; first receives frequently also still left in small writing a standard, which has to indicate titles and volume number of a work in few words. The indication of signature with letters is in Germany except custom, equally the Kustos, i.e. in former times against the conclusion of each side the first word posed of the next came, in omission. The formats are designated after the number of the sheets, which an elbow contains after the Zusammenfalzen: Folio, quart, Oktav, duo December, Sedez, Oktodez etc.

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