Porcelain, also white gold mentioned, consists of three components

1. Clay/tone substance (called in the vernacular also kaolin),
2. Feldspar and
3. Quartz.

There is hard porcelain and soft porcelain, which behave portions of the contents materials mentioned for instance in the relationship 50/25/25 (hard porcelain) and 40/30/30 (soft porcelain).

The outstanding characteristic of porcelain in relation to other ceramic(s) products is the high firing temperature (hard porcelain 1410 "°C, soft porcelain 1300 "°C), and that with oxidizing atmosphere one burns.

It is twice burned: The (glow fire/Biskuitbrand) with approx. 850 "°C - "°C the smooth fire (glaze baking/final fire) follows 950 at temperatures indicated above.

The refinement of the porcelain requires a third fire:

• Aufglasurdekore with approx. 780 "°C - 900 "°C
• Inglasurdekore at approx. 1200 "°C - 1300 "°C
• Unterglasurdekore are applied, glazed on the pieces of broken glass glowed and burned at the respective temperatures (soft porcelain 1300 "°C - hard porcelain 1410 "°C). Thus it is the best, in addition, the most expensive kind of decoration. It is used nearly only for high-quality Kobaltdekore (like bulb samples of Meissen and Hutschenreuther).

Characteristic of the porcelain: It has close pieces of broken glass, muscheligen break and large hardness. It is acid and caustic solution-steadily, only hydrofluoric acid can it attack. It is more or less up to a certain piece of broken glass strength transparency (translucently) and has a bright sound. Porcelain possesses a good insulating capacity against electricity and is a bad heat leader.

The newest technology of the porcelain production for flat table-ware is the mono fire, i.e. penetration procedure including the decoration.

Bone China and hard porcelain are the noblest products of the ceramic Erzeugnisse.Bone China designate a prescription developed in England, with which one uses Knochenasche (bone - bones). details see on the English side.

History

The production process of porcelain was developed first in the Empire of China in the year 620, the manufacture materials and - methods were kept secret long time. Chinese porcelain has kaolin (a special kind of clay/tone without iron) as well as "Petuntse" as base materials, as well as purify quartz. With the fuel process these are connected to a white, hard and smooth material.

In Europe the knowledge was discovered around the porcelain production by Ehrenfried Walther of Tschirnhaus at the beginning of of October 1708 in Dresden/Meissen a second time and developed further there after Tschirnhaus' death by Johann Friedrich To 28. It reported the invention of the European porcelain to March 1709 in Dresden. 1710 developed in Meissen on the Albrechtsburg the first European porcelain manufacturing plant, which reached world validity. Nearly a half century long could retain the secret of the porcelain production for itself to Meissen. The Meissner porcelain from the Meissner porcelain Manufaktur is this very day famous, all porcelain from this production already carries since 1722 the brand name for Meissner porcelain, the "crossed swords". The "crossed swords" are designated by the continuous manufacturing up to the today's day frequently rightfully as the oldest mark in use.

Many of the Manufakturen had around the turn of 18. to 19. Century their production reset. Only around the center 19. Century came it to numerous reestablishments, which developed due to kaolin occurrences of ring over same (in north Bavaria). In this center between same and pastures in (Upper Palatinate), particularly in same, pastures and Arzberg (Upper Franconia) occasionally up to 90% of the German porcelain one produced.

Today, in the year 2005, it is posed with the Bavarian china industry however not to the best. The once so flowering branch of industry is already since 1970 in a difficult crisis and restructuring. Numerous porcelain factories had to close their gates and thousands of jobs were lost since then in the china industry. In the three cities of the pin country: Tirschenreuth, forest-ate and Mitterteich by six porcelain factories - in those once thousands of Porzelliner were busy - only one enterprise in Mitterteich remained remaining, which could maintain ground at the market. Thus also many occupations in the china industry of this area become extinct, like e.g. that of the Porzellanmalers (Kerammaler) slowly.

Etymologie

In the Italy 15. Century called one fine, white ceramic(s) "Porcellan" well-known from China, because one believed, it of the zermahlenen substance of a white-shining shell bowl named "Porcellana" am made. This term for his part is from lat. "Porcella", that means "small sow", derived, because the gaping shell bowls were compared with the sex part of a female pig.

Production

According to whether in automatic lathes plates are to be manufactured or in the casting process cans, doses etc., the porcelain mass prepared after a certain mixing proportion is processed compactly and schmiegsam or liquid.

During the processing of the liquid mass this is poured in forms, which determine the external form of the workpiece, but no core have - they are hollow. This procedure is called slip casting. The forms can consist many division levels of many individual parts and that have accordingly, in order to arrange complicated pieces. Usual are however (e.g. for cups, vases and other achssymetrische hollow parts) two-piece forms with one division level. The forms consist of gypsum, which has the characteristic to be able to draw in water. Thus the water is extracted from the filled in porcelain mass in the boundary region and the firm components of the mass to store itself at the form walls off. The longer the mass in the form remains, all the more thickly becomes the remaining outer zone. If the intended thickness is reached, the remaining liquid mass from the form is filled. After certain rest period then the form can be opened and the parts for final drying process be taken out. Afterwards will it still before first burning deburred and if necessary otherwise repaired, handles can with thick porcelain mass be glued to.

Also again-developed technologies with ISO-static Trockenpressen flat table-ware made of porcelain powder is drying-pressed now. In the spraying casting process so mentioned - similarly as during the plastic plastic deformation - liquid porcelain mass is injected into plastic forms, consolidated under very high pressure and extracted water.

After drying the articles receive the glow fire in such a way specified with approx. 900 degree, which goes into approximately 18 to 20 hours before itself. After the glowing the table-ware receives the glaze, which lends the tender, shining beauty to the porcelain. The glaze liquid consists of the same components as the porcelain mass, only it is many liquid. Thereupon the smooth fire follows with approximately 1400 degrees. The table-ware parts are driven again continuously into approximately 30 hours by a 80 meter long tunnel furnace.

Subsequently, the finished porcelain can be decorated. This is done either with multicolored pressure - those are multicolored transfer pictures - or via hand painting. Afterwards it must be burned however again with 800 degrees in a decoration fire furnace. Here connect themselves the colors or the silver and gold preparations with the glaze. If the porcelain is to receive dishwasher-firm Dekore, these are burned with 1400 degrees, so that these special colors penetrate into again soft the glaze become.

Articles in category "Porcelain"

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