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A pipeline (v. English: pipe = pipe, tube + LINE = line, line, connection) is a piping to the transport of liquids (e.g. water or oil) or gases (e.g. natural gas).
Pipelines are used for the oil and gas transport over far distances, where they are more economic despite high construction costses than tank cars. Some lines are even several thousand kilometers long, e.g. those from Siberia to Central Europe or of Alaska into the USA.
For example transport a Gaspipeline from Fahud to Sohar (Oman) with a diameter of 32 tariff (81 cm) daily 22.8 millions m natural gas over a distance of 305 km. 700 km long line between Saih Nihayda and Salalah, likewise in Oman, transport with 24 " diameters (61 cm) per day 5 millions m gas. The 28 " (71 cm) - oil pipeline Wilhelmshaven Wesseling has a yearly capacity of 15,5 million tons. The indication of the transportation capacity takes place in so-called Nm /h (cubic meters per hour under standardized conditions).
Offshore pipelines (before the coast) one calls lines, whose majority under water on the ocean floor runs. With the building a longer pipeline is welded together on board a special ship, of where out it down-hangs in far elbow - partial up to the reason of the sea -. So that it drops, it is weighted with a concrete layer, which is provided with a reinforcing from wire mesh. For bending discharge the embodied vehicle with a Tensioner pulls on the pipeline. This Tensioner (a tractor) consists of two track chains, between which the pipeline is clamped and can under tensile load be axially shifted. It adjusts the axial oscillations, which the swell could introduce into the pipeline with an intelligent control also.
If the pipeline in horizontal situation is manufactured, one leads it on roles across an circle-arc-shaped retaining structure, called Stingers and calls this "the S-procedure ". If the pipeline in bent position is manufactured, in order to avoid a bending moment at the ship, only a very short Stinger is or none necessary, and one calls this "the J-procedure ".
With "the Reel Barge method "longer Rohrleitungsabschnitte in rolled up form are delivered and unwound. A feared case of loss, which no insurance covers, is when shifting a pipeline the bending becoming baggy failure (English: buckling), whereby in larger sea depths the enormous hydrostatic pressure flat-squeezes the pipeline. At worst it can also fill and multiply their effective weight (English: wet buckling).
Offshore pipelines do not only bridge seas, like e.g. the Algeria Sicily pipeline, but they connect also offshore oil and gas fields with the mainland, as for example the pipeline Ekofisk Emden.
Approximately 80% of all crude oil quantities used in German oil refineries are transported by crude oil long-distance lines. Besides long-distance lines serve also the transport of semifinished and finished products (product lines) between the refinery centers. Also different petroleum products can be sent to after one that by the same pipeline, whereby the committee remains very small by mixture. The crude oil long-distance line net in Germany has an overall length of over 2000 km.
For Germany important pipelines:
Crude oil and product lines relations
(*) Product line
An important pipeline project in Germany is further the structure of a network of product lines for Ethen of Rotterdam over Antwerp into the area Cologne and into the Emscher lip area. The federal state governments of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein supported an ethyl pipeline of the Ruhr district to the German coast.
At the same time is those north and south the Elbe of convenient industrial sites and Stade with 54 kilometers is enough for chemistry and Gas-Pipeline to be connected. Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony want to improve the supply of raw materials of the chemistry enterprises at the coast and thus the sales prospects for their products in German and Europe with the pipeline. The planned connection is at the same time an element in the Chem Coast project of the federation of the chemical industry (VCI). In Stade connection exists to an ethyl pipeline after in Saxonia. Beyond that a further connection is intended by Stade over Wilhelmshaven after gel churches, where large in each case chemical factories exist.
For the fuel supply of military mechanisms of NATO in Central Europe the pipeline net exists Cent ral Europe pipeline system (CEPS). The 2.800km long German part of this net is operated in times of peace by the long-distance line operating company ltd. (FBG) in Bad Godesberg. Thereby refined fuel, and no crude oil are carried.
In principle each liquid and each gas, which are chemically stable, can be sent by pipelines. Thus beverage pipelines were already realized.
In the Schalke arena the different points of bar are connected by a 5 kilometers long beer pipeline. With the well-known Alpirsbacher brewery in Alpirsbach the racking plant and the brewery are connected by a beer pipeline. Also the Tucherbrauerei in Nuremberg established a beer pipeline between its work and a camp.
In of Austria energy industry pipelines play - both to the transport of natural gas and to the transport of oil, an important role. Austria serves also as important transit country.
The oil imported goods are made by the Transalpine oil line (VALLEY), which has its exit in the port of Triest and by and Tirol reaches with Oberkappel Germany, where she leads still to Ingolstadt. Briefly after the Italian-Austrian border with Arnoldstein branches from it in the Wrmlach, with Mauthen, where also a fuel depot is, which Adria Vienna pipeline (AWP) off, which leads to the largest Binnenraffinerie of the world in Schwechat. This refinery is the only one of Austria, apart from small plants. The line has a length of 420 km and overcomes by means of several pumping stations and tunnel a difference in height of 950 M. over Koralpe and changes pumps it 7.5 million tons after Schwechat to the OMV refinery. The Adria vienna pipeline was taken 1970 in enterprise.
The overall length of the oil pipelines in Austria amounts to 663 kilometers.
By Austria two large natural gas pipelines run. The Trans Austria gas line crosses Austria from the slowakischen border to the Italian border, and makes a connection between Triest, South Italies and Africa in the south, as well as the Ukraine and Russia in the east. The second natural gas pipeline, west Austria gas line begins likewise at the slowakischen border with tree garden to the March, however direction the west runs, where it passes Linz crossed and with Passau the border.
The junction for the most important natural gas pipelines in Austria is down-Austrian tree garden to the March, where since 1959, when the promotion place Zwerndorf was opened, from the east (main Russia) coming natural gas for the domestic consumption as well as to Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Germany, France and Hungary is branched off. The overall length of the natural gas pipelines in Austria amounts to 2,722 kilometers. At present the Nabucco pipeline is in planning, which 2011 are to be finished, and the Verteilungszentrale tree garden with Turkey to connect is. On the actual building of this 4.6 billion euro expensive project to at the latest end of 2007 one decides.
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