The publishing house system is one itself since that 14. Century developing form of the decentralized goods production. The publisher procures the necessary raw materials, spends this usually by way of advance at the producers and organizes finally the sales of the final product. The word "publishing house "is derived from collecting main. The publisher steps with money and/or raw materials into collecting main. Production is made in home working.

Several variants publishing house system are differentiated:

1. Lohnsystem: Here the publisher supplies the raw materials and remunerates the home-worker over unit prices.
2. Purchase system: The home-worker places the raw materials to themselves, the publisher removes the commodity to a price specified by him. The purchase system is above all common, where the producer can manufacture the raw materials themselves (for example canvas webers)
3. Intermediate master system: The publisher supplies the raw materials (partly also the tools). It determines the output. The Zwischenmeister is an independent tradesman with own workshop and employee.

It is common to all variants that the shifted producers come usually fast into a large dependence on the publisher, since they have an entrance to the market only by this. Means of production remain formally the property of the craftsman, this are "independent "and to a large extent unprotectedly. Any risk of wage cut is shifted on the producers.

Spreading of the publishing house system

The population growth 16. and 18. Century led to a broad layer of more land-poor partial landless Those as farmer release well-known, gradual dissolutions of the obligations opposite the Feudalherren (Frondienst - > money lease system), permitted it the farmers besides more freely its worker to have. The meager income could be supplemented and had by a not-agricultural activity.

Due to this additional source of income the rural restrictions of marriage were loosened. To be married could now also, if one had no sufficient Landbesitz. Thereby more marriages were closed and born more children, which contributed again to the further rise of the population.

The publisher used the developing free workers, in order to go around the restrictions of the urban guild hand work. On the country he had to do it with disorganized and therefore to a large extent unprotected house-manufacturing. In the long run the misalignment of production led on the country to a substantial pressure on the urban guild handicraft, which was forced thereby likewise in the publishing house system. Originally the guild orders had determined that each master craftsman had to sell its commodity. Partly principle given up than the guilds marketing cooperatives based. The selling possibilities of the guilds stepped however to its borders, if the local sales markets exhibited no more sufficient demand. In this case had to be fallen back to remote buyers, whom a better know-eat the export markets had. The publisher took over this role.

The publishing house system spread everywhere, where larger numbers of items could be uniformly manufactured: in the textile industries (linen and cotton weber, Wolltuche and silk), in the metal trade (ironmongery production), in the smelting trade, in the wire production, in the weapon business, in the wood trade, in the printing and in the toy production.

Publishing house system in the textile industry

The had manufactured always textiles for the internal requirement. The publisher could trust therefore in broad being able relating to crafts and in existing means of production (spin wheels, looms etc.). For this reason the publishing house system was exercised particularly within the range of textile production.

Although a verlegerische organization activity also in the textile industry in the outgoing Middle Ages to be observed knows lay its high point in 18. Century. The publisher was often called "manufacturer "and the publishing house house as "factory "- in particular, if the commodity produced in the publishing house system represented only one intermediate product (for example: Kattundrucker lets materials manufacture in the publishing house system its). The publishing house system was beside the developing Manufakturen a basis of the modern factory nature.

The economic situation of the shifted land craftsmen became in the course of the years worse and worse, above all because only partly in cash one remunerated. A part of the commodity value was usually charged with the raw material supplies. Striving the publisher for profit maximization, which should be achieved in the long run by low production costs, led to ever lower unit prices, which could be implemented by the offer in excess at cheap worker. The pressed families tried to adjust this over a production increase, which led to a substantial expansion of the Kinderarbeit, in addition, to worse quality. The latter was used by shifting again as a the further argument in the Lohndumping.

To the end 18. Century was threatened the textile land handicraft by a massive depletion (Pauperismus). This led in many places to weber rebellions.

At the same time the publishing house system was expanded also since the urban crafts enterprises and led on a long-term basis to the end of the weber guilds. The high-quality products of the weber guilds had been displaced by the more global market. The webers had also here in ever larger measure worse quality produced, in order to remain at all still in the business. In the course of this process it comes also under the urban webers to rebellions. The development of the urban craftsman was enough thereby, depending upon economical conditions, from the descent to the bare wage craftsman up to the ascent to the publisher.

See also weber rebellion

The industrielle revolution beginning in England led to becoming extinct the publishing house system in the textilen surrounding field. 1783/1784 had already developed with the Cromforder spinning mill in Ratingen the first textile mill on the European mainland. Approximately around 1830 the production process of the Spinnens was already to a large extent mechanized.

The mechanization of weaving was however until approx. 1820 technically in the child shoes. The first mechanical looms furnished still no productivity increase. So weaving still long time could be operated as manual work. Actually experienced the hand weaving mill in the center 19. Century quantitatively their largest flowered. Only the invention made the mechanical loom competitive. First the linen weaving mill, also the cotton weaving mill was mechanized only later. In some areas itself the cotton hand weaving mill could do 19 into and the 90's 80's. Century hold.

Publishing trade

The production of printed products is accomplished in the publishing house system. The publisher assigns the order for pressure (in former times to the independent printer, today production is usually integrated) and provides for the selling. The term kept here.

Home working in postwar Germany

Home working in the sense of a contribution to a industriellen process held itself in Germany into the seventies 20. Century e.g. in the Black Forest, where sub-assembly work in the watch-and-clock-making industry, the electrical industry or also plugging together and - screws of ball-point pens as home working was assigned. The fall of these industries there or the perfect automation of the work or the misalignment of the work abroad let the home working in the publishing house system expire practically.

Present

In countries of the third world the publishing house system lives partly within the range of the carpet production and the textile industry away. In Hong Kong paper flowers and toy are often manufactured in the publishing house system. Common the publishing house system is far in of China toy industry and in the decoration industry of India and China.

Literature

• Roland Bettger: Publishing trade, handicraft and home working, essay in: Partial consumption in the industrial age, Oldenbourg publishing house Munich, hrsg. by Claus Grimm, ISBN 3-486-52721-5
• Elizabeth Hilton: Larva in China, in Lettre internationally No. 69, P. 34 FF.
• The economy at present Reuchlins, lecture of Professor Dr. Gert Kollmer of Oheimb Loup, director of restaurant archives Baden-Wuerttemberg on 28 September 2005 in the IHK Nordschschwarzwald Pforzheim

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