Publicani, Publikanen: Generally those in old Rome, which orders for state took over. Strictly speaking the Publikanen business is characterised by it that the prospective customer an order ersteigert, thus for the processing of the order in payment in advance goes. Mostly for it several Publikanen unite to a society, of one "societas publicanorum".

Background

The system of the private-economical activity on behalf the state, whose bloom time of the second pre-Christian is to be set up to the first after-Christian century, gave the possibility to the Roman state of acting far expenditure-maturing without having to adapt the city-national administrative structures accordingly: Risk and organizational expenditure were completely with Privatleuten.Als procedure of indirect national rule bed themselves the Publikanensystem therefore into the straight procedure typical for the start time of the Roman great power indirect rule in relation to the subjected areas.

If early examples publikanischer activity refer e.g. to Roman building projects, then the Publikanen entered not least history, because they held the right of the tax collection in hands in some Roman rule areas (so-called tax lease). Under favorable conditions this lease offered outstanding net yields, which is called the assigned capital could sometimes around a multiple is again brought in. While the Roman state came thus at short notice and relatively without risk into the benefit of funds, the Publikanen could coat medium-term large profits. Since the senators in the late republic were allowed to exercise no more handels and ship business (bes. after lex claudia the de nave senatorum of 218 v.Chr.), favoured the Roman practice of the state State of the economic ascent of the conditions that equites (more ~Ritter), whose publikanisch active members were also sometimes almost called own conditions (ordo publicanorum). In addition, the system of the Publikanen within the range tax and/or of the collection of duties brought large disadvantages with itself, which led finally also to the fact that this system had to be overcome and/or changed:

• Over-bidding: The competition between different Bietern can lead easily to an exaggeration, i.e. to which cannot be covered in the following no more
• Missing lastingness: There the tax collection right in each case to a certain time interval (lustrum) in a certain area applied, existed with the beneficiaries no special interest to preserve local resources beyond the period
• Missing flexibility: Since the Publikan with large funds went on own risk into payment in advance, the necessity exists to drive the taxes and/or deliveries independently of for him whether the local conditions permit this delivery load at all (e.g. problem of the harvest failure)
• Missing one national control: Since the Publikanen system straight functions in place of national structures, fast the problem of missing abuse control arises as a result of the state
• Self-dynamics of the system: The behavior of the Publikanen as all-powerful "rulers" locally led to numerous conflicts with the native populations, for whose costs nevertheless again the Roman state had to finally be responsible

One finds a similar system with comparable pro and cons in the modern times with the tax tenants in France.

See also

• Portal: Rome, topic list Rome
• Tax
• equites
• Cicero

Literature

Generally

• Geza: Roman social history. Wiesbaden (3) 1984.
• Ders.: The Roman society - structure and characteristic. In: Ders. (Hg.), the Roman society. Selected contributions. Heidelberger oldhistorical contributions and Epigraphi studies 1. Stuttgart 1986
• BLEICKEN yokes: Condition and social history of the Roman Empire of I. 1995.
• BRUNT PER ANNUM: Social Conflicts into the novel Republic. London 1971.
• CHRISTIAN K.: Basic questions of Roman social history. In: Studies to social history. Festschr. F. Vittinghoff. Hit a corner, W., Galsterer, H., Wolff, H. (Hg.), Cologne historical papers 28, Cologne/Vienna 1980, P. 197-228.
• DAHLHEIM Werner: Shape and rule. The provinziale rule system of the Roman republic. Berlin 1977
• De MARTINO: Restaurant economics of the old person Rome. Munich (2) 1991.
• EDER W. (Hg.): State and nationalness in the Roman republic. Stuttgart 1990
• HEARING MOUNTAIN walter: The Roman Provinzialverwaltung on Sicilies and their principles up to the end of the republic. Attain/Nuremberg 1966.
• HOPKINS Keith: Sociological Studies in novel History. Bd. 1/2, Cambridge 1981/1983.
• CUTTER Helmuth: Economics and politics. Investigations for the history of the late Roman republic. Attain 1974
• Ders. (Hg.): Social and restaurant economics of the Roman Kaiser era. Darmstadt 1981
• Ders. (Hg.): To the social and restaurant economics of the late Roman republic. Darmstadt 1976

Particularly to the Publicani

• CIMMA Maria pink one: Ricerche sulle di publicani. Milan 1981.
• DIETRICH Konrad: The legal bases of the cooperatives of the Roman state tenants. 2Bde. Meissen 1898/99. (also as: The legal nature of the societates publicanorum)
• MALMENDIER Ulrike: Societas publicanorum. National restaurant activities in the hands of private entrepreneurs. Cologne 2002.

Websites

• , MALMENDIER Ulrike: "Novel Shares". A detailed, English-language net publication with strong attention to the Societates Publicanorum, if this does not function left, enter one "novel Shares" & "Malmendier" under Google.

Articles in category "Publicani"

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