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A procedural model arranges the process of organizing into different, structured phases, again appropriate methods and techniques of the organization are assigned to which. Task of a procedural model is to represent setting of tasks and activities in their logical order, generally arising during an organization process.
Different authors publicise most diverse procedural models. These vary on the one hand in the number and meaning of the distinctive phases, on the other hand regarding their operational area. Thus procedural models are used intensively for innovations (in particular in the software development, see processing concept) and change projects change management). All procedural models the gradual way from the problem to the solution and its systematically rational procedure are common (in contrast for instance to trial and error, see decision style). The individual phases are ideal types. In practice it is often necessary to proceed and "jump back" iterative. Phaseoriented milestones are to minimize the risk and costs of a failure.
In the following the procedural model developed by Erwin Grochla (1982) one introduces. It differentiates between the following phases:
The preliminary investigation (also pilot study called, English feasibility study) is a problem solution cycle in the small one. In this phase it applies to define the problem exactly (which is is Which are the estimate, the chances and risks of a change process (Cui On which support and which resistance is to be and resources the available to examine (sufficient management capacity and budget are In the preliminary investigation also a rough idea of a possible solution should be developed. At the end of the preliminary investigation the decision stands to continue or break the process off (Go/No Go-decision).
Techniques of the preliminary investigation: ABC analysis, Eisenhower matrix, Benchmarking as well as the most analysis and evaluation techniques (see below).
The actual state inventory serves thereby the neutral collection of the current condition of the investigation object out as much as possible viewing angles. Expenditure of time and costs of the actual state inventory can be lowered by the skillful use of already existing data (secondary elevation). The secondary elevation can be also usually accomplished without disturbance of the investigation system. After a secondary elevation the employment of the well filled toolbox of the empirical social research of the primary elevation from the questioning to the observation is recommended to the more exact understanding.
Techniques of the actual state inventory: Document analysis (secondary elevation), self-recording, questioning, observation, ratio delay method (primary elevation).
The actual criticism serves for to the analysis and appreciation of the raised data. The more deep-seated causes of the recognized weak points are to be worked out, so that symptoms are not only treated. The science developed a rich arsenal at methods and techniques to the analysis of problems, those from test questions (5W - Why "Â up to modelling by means of systemic beginnings reaches. Possibly the new realizations force an adaptation of the goals.
Techniques of the actual criticism: Test question catalogs, ABC analysis, Kepner Tregoe matrix, SWOT, problem causes matrix, value analysis, Benchmarking, relevance tree analysis.
The next phase is divided into two steps: Generation of solution and selection. Similar to the evolution distinctive between a phase of the variation, with which the solution area is as far as possible opened (a goal: many, different solutions), and a phase of the selection, with which these solutions are reduced on the situation best appropriate (survival OF the fit test) solution. The separation of these phases promotes side on creativity and the analytic sharpness on the other side.
With the phase of the generation of solution creativity is the crucial factor. The creativity techniques developed in addition divide into intuitive (like brainstorming) and systematic (like the morphologic analysis). Intuitive techniques set on the lucky association, on heuristic Kraft of the unconscious one and spontaneous one. Systematic techniques trust on method and logic, in order to cover the possibility area completely (tertium non datur.). Result of the phase of the generation of solution are as much as possible, different, new solutions.
Techniques of the generation of solution: See creativity technology, in particular to brainstorming, Brainwriting, morphologic box.
The solution evaluation and - selection contains two aspects. On the one hand methodical, as objective and comprehensible an evaluation and an often subjective political selection as possible. In order to increase the solution quality, help Methodenkorsette, which transparency the criteria and their developments promote. So third can examine the weighting and point distribution for Stimmigkeit with the efficiency analysis. analyze the stability of the alternative lining and thus help to determine critical factors. With the selection it applies to specify the circle of the Entscheider and the method of the selection. This has large effects on the acceptance during the conversion.
Techniques of the solution evaluation: Verbal evaluation, profitability comparison, investment calculation, point evaluation, efficiency analysis, cost benefit analysis,
The introduction and conversion (English roll out, implementation) convert the selected solution into the practice. The introduction strategy specifies the extent (pilot, subrange, overall organisation), the conversion direction and participants (Bottom UP, Top down, Sideways), the kind (gradual, bomb release) and the schedule (episodes, duration, speed). Is to be paid attention to a good fit between introduction strategy and organization. Change-resistant organizations need more time around itself to adapt. A goal of the conversion is a high acceptance and durability of the new rules. The organization must find their new equilibrium (Refreeze in the Lewin terminology). In addition it is to be guaranteed that all involved ones with the new rules are made familiar.
Techniques of the introduction: Training, instruction, instruction, presentation, information market, participation.
The evaluation serves the examination of the change process and its result. Did it Possible adjustments are to be made. Depending upon environmental dynamics the processes are to be developed further systematically. With the advancement the procedural model gets an iterative character, as the end of a process flows to new change process into another. Techniques of the evaluation: Benchmarking, Controlling, scenario technology, questioning.
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