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The pneumatic delivery is a form of the fast, personnelless transport of articles in small, cylindrical containers by means of air pressure in small-caliber tubes. In the time of the end 19. Century up to the beginning 20. Large rabbit systems of several hundred kilometers of length developed for century in some cities. Besides existed also smaller plants, which within a building or between several neighbouring buildings smaller articles by means of pneumatic delivery automated transported. These plants find, contrary to the telescope post office plants, also today still use.
One differentiates between interior rabbit systems within individual buildings as well as the telescope post office plants between different buildings of a city. Telescope post office plants serve for predominantly to the fast letter and between important post offices.
A rabbit system consists of a network of pipings. As means of transport cylindrical containers are used, whose diameter is only slightly smaller than the inside diameter of the pipes. The containers are moved within the rabbit system by compressed air or Saugluft and to reach speeds of up to 30 km/h. For each line can be carried in each case a can. The difference of pressure between containers and air compressors amounts to thereby even with longer lines or larger pipe diameters only between 0,3 to 0.5 bar, i.e. not the pressure but (or sucked off) the amount of air pumped to the system varies.
For 1810 Danish engineer George Medhurst strove for the first time seriously around the employment of atmospheric air for industrielle and traffic-technical purposes. In appropriate publications it suggested evacuating air from an iron tube in order in such a way to obtain by the reached difference of pressure an appropriate driving force; Medhurst is considered therefore as an inventor of the pneumatic pneumatic delivery.
1818 English engineer Vallance has this thought taken up with the idea, persons and goods from London to Brighton in a tunnel-like to carry cast-iron and according to large tube. These efforts ran however without result, however attempts brought first successes to the transport of Postgut by means of air pressure in small-caliber tubes.
The Frenchman Moigno furnished in addition a test section, which led in the long run to the fact to 1852 that the Frenchman Galy Cazalar and the Englishman Latimer Clark submitted independently 1854 appropriate national patents. They described a technical mechanism, with which in cans included small packages and letters during high air dilution or - compression through tubes to a place removed not very far to be carried knew.
The first pneumatic delivery was built for 1853 by Josiah Latimer Clark in London. It was 220 yard (approx. 200 m) a long connection between London stick Exchange and the cent ral telegraph Office. Similar connections between an office for telegraph and the stock exchange developed 1865 in Berlin and 1866 in Paris.
These first plants were suitable only for the transport of small articles, then e.g. the Londoner plant had a diameter of 1.5 inch (38.1 mm). Clark created later together with T.W. Rammell pneumatics Despatch company, which built 1861 a 30-inch (762 mm) tube, in which loads up to 3 tons be transported could. This pneumatics Dispatch Railway was until 1874 in enterprise. There were similar plants in New York: 1867 built 107 feet (32.6 m) for a long time and 6 (1.83 m) in the diameter large plant of Alfred Ely Beach, which could transport 12 persons, feet. A still larger plant, 312 feet (95 m) long and 9 feet diameters, developed 1869 from the Beach pneumatics transit company in the soil underneath Broadway. In the first year transported it over 400.000 passengers and it went only 1874 out of operation. These systems could not become generally accepted however in the transportation of passengers against the underground, where with success first steam engines were already inserted and starting from 1890 electrical locomotives.
The relevant motivation for the development of the pneumatic delivery was the strong increase of the telegram arising, which it did not permit any longer that all telegrams could be also actually telegraphed. A role played with the fact also that the wages of a good Telegrafenbeamten exceeded an unskilled operation with the pneumatic delivery far. Thus they were carried in the largest number of all cases, at least in traffic in the city, as handwritten filled out or forms pasted with ticking first tires by pneumatic delivery and received e.g. in Berlin for approx. 1900 also appropriate pneumatic delivery stamping. Later still the transport of letters was added or it replaced the telegrams.
Beside Berlin and Munich there were operated rabbit systems of very different length in Duesseldorf, Hamburg, Leipzig, Stuttgart as well as in approx. ten further cities first from the realm post office and then from the Federal Postal Administration. With this tubing posts carried transmissions - usually excluding express packages or readdressed transmissions - are only at a black Stechuhrstempel (Leipzig), to recognize by a red transport stamp "in Hamburg with pneumatic delivery "or other notes.
In Europe there were at least following pneumatic delivery systems:
Outside of Europe the largest rabbit system, which could transport also packages, in New York town center existed. Existed besides appropriate plants in Chicago and Philadelphia. In addition it gave rabbit systems in Buenos Aires (Argentina) as expresso urbano (city high-speed traffic) the office for telegraph as well as in Rio de Janeiro and Paulo (both Brazil). Likewise there was a rabbit system in Algiers (Algeria), which was to short at least after the end of French colonial rule still in enterprise (actual working time from 4 April 1910 by 5 July 1962) and partly than urbain (city high-speed traffic) also with other transportation facilities was supplied.
One of the largest plants of this kind was the pneumatic delivery Berlin with a maximum route distance of nearly 400 km in the year 1940. 79 post office and offices for telegraph was attached and worked on at this time approximately 8 million transmissions annually. This plant was taken on 1 December 1876 in enterprise. Postcards and letters up to a weight of 20 gram (maximum measure could do: cm) to be sent away. The enterprise of the citizens of Berlin pneumatic delivery was stopped 1976 finally.
On 1 August 1922 the pneumatic delivery system in Munich for the general enterprise was opened, whose completion was retarded by the First World War. In Munich letters up to a gross weight of 100 g and a maximum measure of cm were certified. The letters had to be rollable on a diameter of 4 cm. As in most other cities with pneumatic delivery connections, developed also Munich pneumatic delivery systems first, in order to master the swelling tide from telegrams to, which no more all could be passed on over telegraph lines in the city. We find earliest working on notes of telegrams in Munich, which refer to a pneumatic delivery transport, for approx. 1875 in the form of Numeratorstempeln, which were reduced on the address side of the telegrams. Such Numeratorstempel was used from the Munich pneumatic delivery to its locking into the 1960er years.
In Vienna a plant was taken in the year 1875 in enterprise, whereby for the time being 10 post offices in the distance of 1 - 3 km were connected with pipings. The plant constantly grew, so that in the year 1913 already 53 of post offices with a pipe length of 825 km. The pneumatic delivery, which was strongly damaged in the Second World War, adjusted only 1956 their enterprise.
In the year 1866 a first pneumatic delivery line between the stock exchange and the next Telegrafenamt developed. In the following years this connection to a one-way connection with stopover was removed during several public and a direct two-way connection. 1879 were made accessible the pneumatic delivery of the broad public and thereupon developed in the coming decades many new connections and also the transition of the 65 mm to 80 mm the tube.
After 1931 there were first attempts the assortment of the pneumatic delivery coverings in the to automate and to accelerate thus transport, since the telegraph engineering was improved. In the year 1984 end in of Paris the the public enterprise, between office however in of Paris even today still document this way dispatch.
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