A plane hi-jacking is the assumption of on-board force of an airplane by force or by threat by force by heavycriminal.

Differently than with would attack on land vehicles into the airplane normally one does not penetrate, in order to rob the charge. Rather most plane hi-jackings are committed, in order to take the passengers as hostages or arrive over at a certain place. For the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 in the USA kidnapped airplanes were re-designed to suicide weapons; since then plane hi-jacking is regarded not only as crime, but also as threat of the security of a state.

A task of airport security is it to prevent such kidnappings usually as the passengers are supervised and weapons from the airplane are kept away. If a plane hi-jacking takes place, the pilot can indicate this by setting a certain transponder code to the soil inconspicuously.

Plane hi-jackings with takings of hostages follow usually a sample from negotiations between the Luftpiraten and the authorities, after which then either a kind agreement - not always the original demands of the kidnappers accordingly - or the conquest of the airplane follows by armed police or special-purpose forces, in order to save the hostages.

The oldest delivered kidnapping took place on 21 February 1931 in Arequipa (Peru). Byron Rickards, which flew Ford tri engine, was pressed at the soil by armed revolutionaries. It leaned off to fly it everywhere and kept communicated after a deadlock that the revolution was successful and that it was allowed to go, if it flew one from them to Lima. Most kidnappings were less harmless however. Those probably first kidnapping of a commercial line flight carried on 16 July 1948 too, with which the futile attempt, control of a Cathay Pacific Wasserflugzeug to attain, led to it that it fell into the sea of Macao.

Since 1947 60% of the kidnappings were departure attempts of refugees. 1968-69 gave it a substantial rise in the number of the kidnappings. 1968 gave it to 27 kidnappings, and/or tried kidnappings to Cuba. 1969 was noted world-wide 82 attemptattempt attempts, more than the double of the entire period 1947-67. Most were such, with which Palestinians plane hi-jacking began as a political argument to be released in order to make and force around the Israeli government their request public, Palestinian prisoners from the prison.

After the peak value of 385 incidents in the time from 1967-76 the number of the plane hi-jackings sank again. From 1977-86 the number had reduced 212 to 300 incidents, in the period 1987-96 was it.

Situation after 11 September 2001

After the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001 the situation changed in connection with plane hi-jackings fundamentally: So far these led generally to negotiations, which promised the release of the hostages at least. The kidnapped ones behaved according to calmly and avoided it to escalate the situation in order to get over the situation in this way intact. Within this framework no danger proceeded from the hostages also for the kidnappers.

After the purposeful control of airplanes in the WTC the situation in the kidnapped airplane changed crucially: If the kidnapping with the goal of a self and a mass murder happens, straight their inactivity leads to safe death for the passengers. Like that is audio with cuts from fourth kidnapped machine of the 11. To infer September that the hostages tried to overwhelm the Geiselnehmer, after they had experienced over mobile telephones of the other notices. Because each hi-jacker must fear in the future similar reactions, will expected that plane hi-jackings arise more rarely it will however more violent run off, possibly.

Incidents (examples)

• 1958: First Cuba US kidnapping
• 1960: First US Cuba kidnapping
• 1968: First Arab-Israeli kidnapping, with which three members of the people front kidnap an El-aluminium-airplane for release Palestinas (PFLP) to Rome. To Algiers rerouted, the negotiations last over 40 days. Both the kidnappers and the hostages become released. This was the first and only successful kidnapping of a El-aluminium-flight.
• 1969: First plane hi-jacking of the PFLP Aktivistin Leila Khaled. The flight TWA 840 is kidnapped to Damascus. The machine is evacuated there and blown up afterwards at the soil. The picture of the torn off cockpit goes around the world. Syria takes six from the kidnappers to released Israeli passengers as a hostage and exchanges it later against 13 prisoners of war.
• 1970: Armed men of the PFLP try during black September to kidnap four airplanes at the same time. They are successful with three and force the airplanes to fly to the desert from Jordanian ones to where they blow up the airplanes, after the machines were evacuated before and most hostages were released. The last hostages released in the exchange against seven Palestinian prisoners. The fourth flight, El aluminium 219, again of Leila Khaled tried too kapern. One of their companions is shot however by one on board safety man present and overwhelmed it. After the landing in London it is arrested.
• 1976: At the airport Entebbe, Uganda is prepared for the Palestinian kidnapping of an air liner of the air France by the operation Entebbe an end: Israeli command units attack the building, which accommodates the kidnappers and the hostages; they kill all Palestinian kidnappers and free the 105 mostly Israeli hostages; three passengers and a soldier are killed.
• 1977: A Palestinian kidnapping of the Lufthansa air liner land hat between Palma de Mallorca and Frankfurt/Main is terminated in Mogadischu, as the German GSG9 the airplane storms. Three kidnappers are killed and 86 hostages are released. Before the pilot of the machine had been murdered by the kidnappers. The Red Army parliamentary group was involved into the kidnapping. See also: German autumn
• 1978: Two Arab Guerrillas conquer an airplane in Cyprus. Egyptian command units fly uninvited, in order to get the airplane. Zypri troops resist and 15 Egyptians die in a battle.
• 1981: A jet that Pakistan internationally airlines is kidnapped to Kabul, where a passenger is killed, whereupon the airplane flies on to Damascus. The hostages are finally released after 13 days, when the government of Pakistan agrees to release 50 political prisoners.
• 1982: Palestinians take a EgyptAir machine and fly them to Malta. 59 humans die, when Egyptian command units the airplane storm.
• 1983: Georgian kidnappers try to kidnap a line machine to Aeroflot to Turkey. The Tiflisser plane hi-jacking fails. Three kidnappers die, who become remaining six after the storm of the airplane by special-purpose forces condemned to death.
• 1984: Lebanese armed Shi'a attacks a line flight Kuwait Airways after Tehran. The airplane is taken over by Iranian security forceses.
• 1985: Lebanese armed Shi'a reroutes a TWA flight with 153 people on board Athens to Beirut. The deadlock ends, after Israel releases 31 Lebanese prisoners.
• 1986:22 humans are killed, when security forceses of Pakistan a flight of the Pan at with 400 passengers and crew on board with carat ski after FE storage storms.
• 1990: Kidnappers seize an airplane of the People's Republic of China, which falls later with the attempt to land in CAN clay/tone. 128 humans die.
• 1991: Chechnian kidnappers around Schamil Bassajew kapern a Soviet airplane with 178 passengers. It is kidnapped after Ankara. The hostages are finally released in of Chechnya capital Grosny.
• 1994: Four Islamic GIA terrorists transfer an air France machine to Algiers. It is flown to Marseille, where French command units it storm and kill the kidnappers. 170 passengers survive.
• 1996: A airliner falls into the Indian ocean, after kidnappers force a crash landing. 125 passengers die and 50 survive.
• 1999: Militant Kashmir rebels attack an airplane of the Indian airlines and reroute it after Kandahar. After an one-week deadlock India agrees to release three caught militant Kashmir rebels in the exchange against the hostages.
• 2001: Terrorist attack on 11 September, the eastern USA: 19 terrorists kidnap four airplanes. Three of the airplanes are steered by the kidnappers purposefully at the Pentagon and the World trade center. These are the three most devastating plane hi-jackings at all; in the fourth case the intention is the same, however the machine does not meet a building. None of the airplane passengers survives; Altogether approx. 3000 humans die.

See also: Airport security

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