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A national park is a clearly defined, expanded area, which is protected by special measures against human interferences and against environmental pollution. Usually are this areas, which are administered on behalf a government and special characteristics like natural beauty or natural resources to have.
In accordance with the definition of the international union to the protection of nature and natural objects (IUCN) are national park natural areas on the water or the country, which are intended,
The idea to explain a particularly protect-worth natural landscape as the national park dipped already into early 19. Century up. The English poet William Wordsworth demanded this 1810 exactly the same as the American painter George Catlin 1832 and Swedish baron Adolf Erik 1880. Their thought was to retain the miracles of nature so that also following generations can enjoy about them and recover here. 1864 on operation of the John Muir the first protected area were defined - in the today's Yosemite national park (California) - which however only 1906 was integrated into the developing national park system. The first national park was likewise created 1872 with the Yellowstone national park in the USA. Contrary to the Yosemite protected zone, the Yellowstone national park was subordinate not to the responsibility of the Federal State, but directly US-Regierung.Die of countries Canada, Australia and New Zealand followed soon with the establishment of national park, since here still large areas of unaffected nature existed, which could be relatively simply protected. 1879 created Australia the Royal national park, 1887 Canada the Banff national park (at that time under the name Rocky Mountain national park) and New Zealand in the same year the Tongariro national park.
In Europe first national park the 1909 in Sweden were established and to 1914 in Switzerland. Particularly after the Second World War the idea was established, and today more than 2,200 of national park exists in approximately 120 countries. The landschaftliche variety of the areas is enormous and enclosure nearly all landscape types.
In Germany with the national park Bavarian forest the first national park only 1970 was established. 1978 followed the national park Berchtesgaden, the king lake and Watzmann enclose. 1985 and 86 were proven the coastal ranges of the German Wattenmeer as national park. In the GDR it gave to short before the turn no national park. Approximately 15% of the national surface were however blocked to public entrance and exhibited nearly unaffected landscapes. In the paging times of the turn 1990 still before the reunification five of national park in the nor GDR were converted. Since then Elbtalaue were added "failed 1999 until 2004 six further of national park, the establishment of a park ". Thus exist 2004 in Germany 15 of national park.
Today the nature protection is coordinated world-wide of the IUCN. The IUCN organizes every ten years an international congress (World park Congress), at which strategies are specified to the nature protection in national park. The last congress took place 2003 in Durban (South Africa). In addition the IUCN leads a "red list of endangered kinds".
National park are usually in remote, hardly settled areas and beheimaten often unusually many different domestic animal and plant types, which are partly threatened. These is to be granted into national park as original and wild an environment as possible. Sometimes national park also minerals or rare geological objects cover, like for example the Geysire and hoisting sources of the Yellowstone national park.
On the other hand national park in more densely populated regions are established, in order to carry back these to a more natural condition. In some countries such as England and Wales national park neither nor are they belong to the government unaffected wilderness. Rather they can contain human settlements, which use their country. In Africa serve national park mainly as game reservation, in Asia rather scientific purposes. North America offers classical of national park for recovery and investigation purposes, with which effects of the mass tourism represent a danger for the nature protection.
Most national park pursue two goals: They are to serve plants and animals as retreat area and at the same time to satisfy the of tourists. These two goals contradict themselves in certain way and can lead to conflicts, particularly with very strong visited national park. On the other hand those of national park with the tourist incomes can finance preventive measures for animals and plants. For the national park administrations it is a difficult challenge to find the balance between the protection from nature goods and their public accesibility to. It comes again and again into national park to illegal wood precipitations and to Wilderei.
Is interesting the developing history Royal national park in Australia, which is appropriate for surface to a large extent at 154.42 km on the city of the town with millions of inhabitants Sydney. It was established in the year 1879 short hand for economic reasons, after in the area coal occurrences were discovered and politically influential mine owners of the Outbacks a competition of the gates of the city were afraid. Nowadays the secondaryoldest national park of the world is a jewel of to a large extent unaffected nature.
Together with the protection of nature objects there are possibilities, areas of more particularly more cultural of protecting scientific or historical meaning. Some these areas for example by the UN-organization for education, science and culture (UNESCO) as world culture inheriting were explained.
The national park belongs in Germany to the possibilities of the area-referred nature protection, which the federal nature protection law (BNatSchG) makes available.
In "§24 of the BNatSchG it is specified that national park are to serve the spacious protection of areas of special characteristic. These areas must fulfill the conditions of a protected area in a predominant part.
In principle are here all actions, interference and projects forbidden, which contrary-run the protection purpose. In all other respects the interference balance regulation of the federal nature protection law book applies to each structural or other project.
National park are to be considered during the building zoning plan and must in development plans be represented and considered. One speaks here of an information assumption. They are obligatory and can be overcome not due to a superordinate common weal in the consideration.
Beside the national park the federal nature protection law knows further protection possibilities, which are more or less rigide and different purposes have:
The surface all national park in Germany constitutes together about 2.6% of the federal territory.
The national park Elbtalaue was again dissolved directly after its mechanism 1998 because of a complaint 1999 - the area the requirements of the Naturbelassenheit.Anfang 2005, the national park resin and the national park high resin were fulfilled not united to a national park. Thus the designation escapes "national park high resin ".
The mechanism the Austrian national park took in each case several years up. Thus Austria lies in the international comparison in the centre zone. With a third the national park established world-wide the duration is due to conflict intensities more than 20 years.
Today Austria has national park new settler lake six of national park, among other things - sea-angles and national park lime alps. In the Tiroler Lechtal was a national park in discussion. The Tiroler federal state government decided however in the year 2004 the establishment of a nature park. The national park Nockberge is classified landscape protected by the world nature protection federation IUCN not as national park (IUCN category II), but as (category V).
The national park in the canton grey federations is the so far only national park of Switzerland. The nature protection organization pro Natura makes itself strong for the creation of a second Parkes.
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