The mushrooms (Fungi) form their own realm beside the animals, plants and Protisten. As Eukaryoten mushroom cells possess a genuine cell core (nucleus) at least and a Cytoskelett. The Vermehrung and propagation takes place sexually and ungeschlechtlich via Sporen or vegetativy via propagation (possible with fragmenting) the Myzelien and/or Mykorrhizen very long-lived in different cases. Mushrooms are heterotroph and nourish themselves usually by separating enzymes into the direct environment, whereby nutrients are unlocked and to the cells to be taken up to be able.

For a long time to the plants counted, mushrooms apply today due to genetic and physiological characteristics as substantially closer related to the animals. Mushrooms occur like the yeast as single-celled organisms or as for instance the Steinpilz as Mehrzeller. From the plants the mushrooms differ by their heterotrophe way of life, which gets along without the pigment chlorophyll, and by the occurrence of Chitin in the cell wall. From the animals they differ among other things by the presence of a cell wall.

Those in former times as "low mushrooms "designated groups, thus Schleimpilze, mushroom-similar Protisten like the Eipilze (Oomycota) or Hypochytriomycota are not ranked today no more among the mushrooms (Fungi).

The science of the mushrooms is the Mykologie. The word "mushroom "comes of the old high German buliz and is probably derived from latin boletus. From this the modern form of the word over and finally developed. In South Germany and Austria in place of mushroom also the word Schwammerl is used.

Structure of the mushrooms

The size spectrum of the mushrooms reaches from microscopically small kinds to the easily recognizable large mushrooms. The Myzel of a Hallimaschart (Armillaria ostoyae, in America Honey Mushroom mentioned) from the Malheur national Forest (the USA) is with an expansion of 900 hectares and an estimated age of 2400 years one the oldest and the largest organism of the earth.

Mushrooms exist in two different forms: as Hyphengeflecht or as single-celled organisms (yeasts or also budding fungi called). Yeasts are single-cell stages, which increase mainly asexuell by formation of Blastokonidiosporen or by Sprossung. The Hyphen forms a microscopic network, which is called Myzel in the substrate. This takes up nutrients from the environment. The Hyphen consists of individual Hyphenzellen, which are by Septen from each other separated. The Septen (partitions) contains pores, which ensure an exchange of Cytoplasma. The mushroom is present in its vegetative phase either as Myzelium or branch cell; it lives in the substrate like the soil, wood or Pflanzengewebe. The different fruit bodies of the large mushrooms are the outwardly most remarkable distinguishing feature; whether hat, club, tuber or consist them of interlaced Hyphen, which form "an illusory fabric "(Plektenchym). Multi-cell Hyphenaggregationen is called also Thalli. The fruit bodies represent however only a small part of the total organism mushroom, and serve the Vermehrung by formation of Sporen, which came out from a Meiose. The Sporen are formed with many mushrooms in special fruit layers of the fruit bodies (Hymenien). With hat mushrooms is the fruit layer under the hat; it can consist of borders, lamellas or tubes. With many hose mushrooms the Hymenium is scarcely under the surface of the fruit body in small chambers (Perithekien), which look like Pusteln. In the cell walls of the Hyphen occur as building materials Chitin, Hemizellulosen, Lipide, proteins and other materials. The Hyphen can modify itself and specialize also strongly; thus pflanzenparasitische mushrooms often train Haustorien. These invert themselves into vegetable cells, in order to take up nutrients there. Some soil-inhabiting, carnivore (carnivorous) mushrooms are even in a the position to train with their Hyphen bolting traps for small thread worms Nematoden. With the Durchkriechen the Nematoden is noted by the fact that the Hyphendurchmesser of the Schlingenhyphe becomes smaller fast increased and thus the loop opening fast. Another modification of vegetative Hyphen are the substrate or Lufthyphen. Several bundles of Hyphen put to form parallel together and macroscopically visible (Synnemata), from those depending upon environment or environmental change either outlasting organs (Sklerotien, Chlamydosporen) or ungeschlechtlich produced Sporen to develop can (Konidiosporen).

No Hyphen forms, selects the probably form of the mushrooms, the (Chytridiomycota) an undifferentiated Thallus. With many kinds begeisselte stages occur during their life cycle, which points on a common origin of animals and mushrooms.

Reproduction

With mushrooms the reproduction can take place both sexually via changes of generations and ungeschlechtlich via pinching off from vegetative parts.

Sexual Vermehrung

By a reduction division (Meiose) the mushrooms produce sexual Sporen (Meiosporen). The Meiosporangium, which is organ for the production of the Sporen, sometimes very typically trained and serves as basis for the differentiation of the mushrooms. With the hose and Basidienpilzen there is the Asci and/or Basidien. After germinating from the Meiose Meiosporen come out the mushroom network developing from it, is a first usually haploides Monokaryon, contains thus per cell only one cell core. If two different Myzelien fitting from the type of crossing meet, then they train a crossing bridge. Over these the genetically different cell cores are exchanged. This procedure is called Plasmogamie. One calls a Hyphe with different kinds of cell core Heterokaryon. Since with hose and Basidienpilzen only maximally two genetically different cell cores are possible for Thallus for each, these two departments of the mushrooms are combined also gladly into the Dikaryomycota. Their Thalli is dikaryotisch after the Plasmogamie. In addition, there are deviations from this pattern. Thus already diploide - combined by nuclear fusion - cell cores in Hallimasch Myzelien were found. This condition exists otherwise only in the phase of the sexual Sporengenese in the Meiosporangien.

The number of the produced Sporen depends on the kind. The Riesenbovist (Langermannia gigantea), which as a become as large can, holds with 5 and 15 trillion Sporen the past record. An average Steinpilz produces nevertheless still some billion Sporen.

Ungeschlechtliche Vermehrung

With the mushrooms the ungeschlechtliche, vegetative or asexuelle Vermehrung is frequent. There are even a great many mushrooms, which lost the ability for sexual reproduction completely. One calls this group Fungi imperfecti or Deuteromycota. Among them are mold fungi and some plant-damaging kinds. One calls the ungeschlechtlich produced Sporen Mitosporen or Konidiensporen (Konidiosporen). They result usually from at the end of the Hyphen (akropetale Konidosporen).

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