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Mass production is the production of large quantities of same products using exchangeable, standardized individual parts and building groups for a not predetermined time interval. Machine manufacturing and production lines are often for the mass production used technologies.
The handicraft within the range of production dominated many centuries. At present the Industriellen revolution was replaced to a large extent the handicraft by machines. Thus 19 formed against center. Century in the USA by the drive of the mechanization the "American system OF Manufactures". It developed on the principles of the exchangeable parts, the special machines, the concentration on the manufacturing method and the division of labor.
The true inventor of the system of the exchangeable parts " is however the French weapon-forges "Honore Le Blanc" this system already in the middle of the 18.Jahrhunderts invented. Since the other French weapon waffenschmiede therein however a threat for their guild saw could not it in France not develop. Thomas Jefferson at this time in France lived, recognized the meaning of this technology and promoted after its return to America. Thus to manufacture 1796 the famous American inventor Eli Whitney assigns 10,000 mash ketene of means of the new technology. To it for it 2 years time were given, but it needed to manufacture altogether 8 years around the demanded quantity. It needed the time around the system to refine and the machines for such a production to build. However after these years mash ketene, which it produced in only 2 years, supplied further 15,000. The foundation-stone for the industrielle mass production was put.
The mass production is regarded as direct successors of the American system. Nowadays the term mass production is well-known also under the name Fordism, under which it its bloom time experienced. In order successfully to operate mass production, mass consumption is necessary, since otherwise an overproduction would be given. Therefore under Ford wage increases were aimed at when simultaneous reducing the products in price.
The principle of the mass production is used at present in all parts of the world.
A good example of the mass production is the motorring industry. Henry Ford explained at that time: "You can have each color, so long it black are." This guiding principle does not apply already for a long time any longer.
Since however the competitive conditions in the course of the time changed, was opened a new form of the production, which so-called custom-made mass production, which directs its focus toward individual customer's requests, flexibility and imperfect markets. Ranges of application of this recent production form are for example the automobile, computer, electric power tool and Textilindustrie.Der advantage of this technology lie in the combination of standardisation and individualizing.
Division of labor had the consequence that each coworker settled only some few, certain performing in the entire production procedure, which strict defaults were subject. Control, monitoring and disciplining were aimed at. This led to the fact that efficiency and productivity could be increased, since the worker was specialized in these a performing.
The famous pin example of Adam Smith showed that by division of labor far higher quantities of pins can be manufactured, as if each worker settles all procedures substantial for production. Also Frederick Winslow Taylor pleaded in its basic principles of the Taylorismus for a high degree of the division of labor. Implementing work was separated strictly from the planning and mental work.
However the fact faced the principle of the division of labor that the area of responsibility of an individual worker was enormously limited, since its activity was reduced now to monotonous performing. Therefore brought this setbacks in the range to the satisfaction and motivation among the workers. In the factory by Ford gigantic coworker fluctuations were to be registered.
The production of exchangeable individual parts required the accurate manufacturing of the parts within defined tolerances. Parts, which lay outside of the range of tolerance, could not be used in production no more and than committee classifies, whose production lowers the total productivity of the production plant.
Therefore became end 19. Century of the weapon industry interested strongly in the mass production develops techniques and procedures for the monitoring of accuracy to size for the purpose of the productivity increase.
The production process was substantially simplified by exchangeable parts. Now for example repairs could be accomplished in shorter time.
In order to ensure within the range of the standardisation a certain tolerance, required it within the range of the manufacturing of special machines. For the time being these devices usually built in the own factories, later set one on co-operation with machine tool industries than suppliers.
In order to provide products in same quality and under optimal material use, the underlying manufacturing method was analyzed exactly and planned. An example is production at production lines, which at the beginning 20. Century spreading by Henry Ford found, particularly by its Ford model T.
But also economy lay in the organization form of the enterprise, why factories were aligned after a functional organisational structure.
The need of control and monitoring required for hierarchical structures. In the course of the mass production developed large and complex enterprises, which it applied to lead. Therefore the managers were occupied with the beginning of the so-called scientific management, also Taylorismus mentioned, after the inventor Frederick Winslow Taylor. The focus was on time and motion studies, which pursued the goal of the productivity.
Additionally to the principle of the mass production developed the so-called river principle, which was realized by the assembly-line production. Thereby a uniform work speed should be created, which reduced and to economy contributed the work duration per piece of production enormously. 1913 took the Ford technicians the assembly belt in enterprise. In consequence the work time for the production of one car of 12 hours was reduced and 8 minutes to 2 hours and 35 minutes. Also this innovation of the finishing technique became the synonym of the mass production.
In order to win humans, for the produced goods as purchasing power, they had to co-ordinate also their prices. Since prices and costs accompany with one another, the achievement of lower costs was inevitable. This was obtained for example by substitution of humans by the machine or by Economies OF Scale.
On the basis production in larger quantities, Economies OF Scale could be carried out. This fact is more near described in the law of the mass production.
Since the system of the mass production was bound to very high fixed costs, constant running of the assembly-line was a very high priority. In order to ensure this, the entire flow of material had, from which suppliers to the dealers are focused, in order to encounter both the procurement side and paragraph side on no bottlenecks.
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