Long-distance heating one calls the transport of thermal energy from the producer to the consumer, usually for the heating of buildings.

Technical operational sequence

The idea to use long-distance heating to larger extent and commercially originated in toward end 19. Century. By the decrease of the number of fire places in the city centers the danger was reduced by fires and ordered to the contamination due to coal and ash stop. Substantial criterion is the possibility of increasing the efficiency from thermal power stations to by uncoupling thermal output between the turbine stages by means of so-called force heat coupling. Water is particularly suitable with its high specific value for the thermal capacity as medium for the heat transport. Within the range of the long-distance heating it is used in the liquid and gaseous state of aggregation (steam). The medium is promoted to thermal insulated pipings in a continuous cycle. With the consumer the heat delivery takes place with the help of a transfer station, which can consist of different components. The production of long-distance heating usually takes place in KWK power stations, incineration plants, district heating plants and Blockheizkraftwerken. As fuel the different forms of the coal, the oil, gas, wood and wood products and garbage in different compositions and preparation forms are used.

Because of also the calorific loss over longer distances, which can be avoided during very good thermal insulation, and the high expenditure on capital assets for the line system long-distance heating is not suitable only with more closely land development.

In Germany Mannheim established a long-distance heating net as the first large city. The largest German long-distance heating nets are to be found in Berlin and Hamburg. Flensburg belongs to the cities with the highest market share with long-distance heating (>90%).

Legal situation in Germany

Definition by the Federal High Court

The Federal High Court defines the term long-distance heating like-followed (judgement v. 25 October 1989 in NJW 1990.1181): "One produces from in the property of the building owner not standing heating system of third on the basis of enterprise economical criteria independently warmth and one supplies to others, so trade width unit itself around long-distance heating. On the proximity of the plant to the supplying building or those presence of larger power mains it does not depend."

Legal bases

Basis for the supply of long-distance heating is a heat supply contract. Bases for this are among other things the BGB and those regulation over general conditions for the supply of long-distance heating () regulation of the Federal Minister for economics from 20 July 1980 (BGBl. I, P. 742) - changed by the regulation for the change of the energy-savingslegal regulations vom19. January 1989 BGBl. I, P. 112).

Long-distance heating and residential property

Contracting party is i.d.R. the housing or building owner, anyhow that, that the power of disposition over the annexe has ("§ 2 exp. so also regional court Frankfurt/Main RdE 1989, side 165f.) at a is responsible each particular supply enterprise for the payment of the entire used up quantity of energy, if a housing estate is equipped with collective connections only (OLG Munich, judgement of 15. March 1994, OLG report 1994, page 241)

Situation in Germany

The long-distance heating plays a Nebenrolle in the German energy market only. The market share during the space heating of housings is numbered for 2002 on approximately 6%. The total portion of the German heating market is thus clearly below 5%. The market share of the river from the force heat coupling (KWK) is to be to the gross generation of current with 7% (conditions 2002).

Source: Work report 2003 of the working group for warmth and combined heat and power industry AGFW in the VDEW

The force heat coupling saves the output of CO2 to the environment. The AGFW numbers the CO2-Ersparnis by the long-distance heating use for 2002 on 7,5 millions t.

In a development still clear Potenziale is appropriate for the long-distance heating, which is produced in combined heat and power stations, for the lowering of the output of greenhouse gases, in particular CO2. The long-distance heating nets were removed in the last 10 years (net length and transfer stations), but the possibilities were not probably exhausted. The connected loads and the delivery volumes are even declining, because the improved thermal insulation in connection lets the demand sink with mild winters.

Flensburg

1969 began public utilities Flensburg with the structure of the long-distance heating net. The existing power station was reequipped until 1971 to a combined heat and power station with 170 MW of electrical and approx. 800 MW of thermal achievement. As primary energy hard coal is used, 2004 approx. 300,000 t. Into the net four reserve heating stations are integrated. The supply area covers the city Flensburg, the city luck castle, the municipality Harrislee and the Danish border place PAD-borrows.

The power mains cover 577 km. This net supplies over 15.000 connections in the supply area with approx. 1 billion a KW/H per year (conditions 2004).

The portion of the long-distance heating of the heating market (space warmth and water heating) in the supply area exceeds 90% clearly. This success of the long-distance heating offer was reached by economically attractive prices for the heat supply. Compared with otherwise in Germany usual the Einzelheizungen and by the force heat coupling in the combined heat and power station a considerable pollutant saving results. And by the replacement 1969 ago still prevailing Einzelheizungen the output was strongly reduced by types of dust. The weather thanks this with clearly fewer nebula days and also with inversion weather conditions still breathable air.

Situation in Switzerland

Basel

The long-distance heating net in Basel is 198.2 km (conditions 2004) long. Industrielle of works Basel (IWB) are added annually some kilometers according to data of the Netzbetreiberin. Approximately 40 ' 000 dwellings are attached beside hospitals, public buildings, industrie and industrial concerns. The long-distance heat supply area was specified 1979. In this area a Anschlusspflicht.2004 exists in Basel 1003 million a KW/H long-distance heating was produced for all houses (of it 55% from natural gas, mud and oil as well as 45% from Kehricht). The long-distance heating net in Basel is since 1942 in enterprise. Today the long-distance heating system has three centers (remote combined heat and power station volt branch race, Kehrichtverwertungsanlage and combined heat and power station station SBB). In the remote combined heat and power station volt branch race is converted natural gas in warmth and river. The won warmth is distributed by circularly put on, well isolated power mains underground generally speaking a long-distance heating area and the produced river in the net eingespiesen.

Related links

• BGB
• Technical description long-distance heating and remote cold weather at the airport Munich
• Homepage of public utilities Flensburg
• Homepage of the working group for warmth and combined heat and power industry in [[VDEW]]

See also: Service, heating, Blockheizkraftwerk, biomass power station, energy supply, Contracting, remote cold weather

Articles in category "Long-distance heating"

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