Kosaken were, body-own Russian and Ukrainian farmers originally escaped and defected to act arene, since that the 15. Century in the southRussian quilts own settlements and communities based and to military farmers became, who had to defend themselves against the frequent assaults of asiatic Reiternomaden. In 18. Century were partly independent they of the Russian Zarenreich. Then they were integrated gradually first as free rider federations into the Russian army. Main settlement areas of the Kosaken were the Urals, which are Don and the Dnipro Gebiet.Traditionell the Kosaken hierarchically under Atamanen or Hetmanen organizes. The Urals and Orenburger Kosaken were considerably involved in colonizing Sibiriens.

Emergence of the Ukrainian Kosakentums

Starting from that 15. and 16. Century was divided the Ukrainian area into the Polish and litauische realm. From the remainders of the golden horde/hurdle, which had contributed to the fall of the Kiewer Rus, the Krimtataren separated as independent national thing, which controlled the entire Ostukraine.

There was very few fastened points and a defenseless border administration. The area of the Ostukraine was soon strongly depopulated by the attack courses. The inhabitants of the border areas had to ensure even for their protection, militaryful farmers were a used picture at this time. East and southeast the litauischen/Polish Vorposten Kaniw and Tscherkassy only the uninhabited, but fruitful lay nevertheless, fish and wild-rich Ukrainian quilt.

This situation attracted courageous and determined humans. In order to be able to meet the act arena grasps, one united to armed groups (Watagen), the frost-protected season on the banks of the Dnipro tributaries with hunt and fishery spent themselves, its yield then for example in Kiew sold and in the fastened settlements such as Kaniw or Tscherkassy finally wintered. This life made from the men experienced Krieger, for their number to end 15. Century had strongly increased. They received "Kosaken to the names ".

To in 16. The Kosaken a special social layer, it did not form century defined itself rather by its activity; both noble ones and farmers and citizens were Kosaken.

Already soon some by them into the service Polish/litauischen border administration were placed to that, these used them for smaller campaigns and for the protection of the frontier districts. Admits became for example the star east of Tscherkassy, Ostap Daschkewytsch, which could advance by its close co-operation with the Kosaken several times up to the Krim and also 1532 could withstand a FE storage of its city.

A Polish national hero the German Schlesier Bernhard von Prittwitz ("terror Tartarorum", "† 1561) became later, who in the years 1530-1550 first as a royally Polish ride master fought, later (1540-1552) than star east (district captain) against bar successfully with its Kosaken Reiterscharen extremely act arene. Its at that time new defense and combat equipment were copied later and taken over by all Kosaken. Prittwitz was one of the first large Kosaken leaders. Ukrainian Kosaken is still many years later in their war songs "the frights of the Tartaren "besungen to have.

The Saporoher Kosaken and the Sitsch

In the 50's 16. Century built the prince Dmytro Wyschneweckyj allied closely with the Kosaken a fortress on the Dnipro island Mala Chortyzja, in order to have a base for attacks on act arene. It was supported both of the litauischen and by the Muscovites authority. This fortress served the Kosaken from this time on as model for the Saporoher Sitsch and further fortifications. These fortresses formed a turning point in the consciousness of the Kosaken, since they had now a center independent of the administration. Here developed the picture of the rough, drinking bouts man company, which both (because women did not have an entrance to the Sitsch) and knightly courses were angedichtet. Indeed the Kosaken achieved now a certain independence from the Polish litauischen government, which was also confirmed by this the Turks and act arene opposite, if from that side complaints came over the attacks. Toward end 16. and at the beginning 17. Century was organized and in its position strengthened the Kosakentum. Attempts of the Polish kings Sigismund II August I. and Stephan to take the Kosaken into their service were only passing and reduced successful. The Kosaken formed its own conditions with independent iurisdiction and authority at this time. They remained economic however both by the Polish and by the Russian state dependently. The Kosaken received for its services as defenders of the Russian southwest, and/or the Polish southeast border food and money, on which they were dependent. On the one hand and political independence on the other hand pretty often Russia and Poland Lithuania led this economic dependence around rule right and obligations to arguments with the strengthening states. Up to the center 17. Century the Polish state had succeeded in, large parts of the Oberschicht of the Kosaken into the Polish aristocracy integrating the Szlachta. Thus it came to internal social arguments. The simple Kosaken saw itself more and more cut in their rights. They were usually military farmers and arrived into a ever deeper dependence on Polish large basic owners. In addition that the Polish state undertook attempts, the orthodox Kosaken came to the catholic faith to bekehren. The contrasts Polish kosakisch, orthodox--catholic, great land owner-simple farmer became intending for the development of the myth around the Kosaken.

In the year 1648 the Hetman of the Saporoher Kosaken, Bogdan Chmelnizki sat down (Ukrainian: ), to the point of a large Kosakenaufstandes against the Polish litauische rule. Its plnderten far parts of the Polish litauischen realm, whereby it came under participation of the there Christian population to heavy excesses against the Jewish population. The Jews one subordinated, they would stand under the special protection of the Polish king. This Pogrome possibly cost up to hundredthousand Jew the life. Chmelnicki is regarded also today still in the Ukraine as a kind national hero. In order to escape the defeat against Poland Lithuania, the Kosaken looked for a strong ally and finally found these in Russia: 1654 carried the Kosaken out with Chmelnicki at the point on the Kosakenrada of Perejaslaw the Muscovite Zaren the oath of loyalty.

The Kosaken for the Zaren had to draw long time as easy Reiterei into the war, and their being able became legendary v.a. by their occurrence in the Napoleoni wars. They belonged to the last riders of Europe, who controlled the difficult fight with the lance still perfectly. Sometimes they fought in addition, served with Feuerwaffen.

Nebenartikel: Hetmanat

Russian Kosaken

1577 were created at the Terek in the Caucasus a Kosakenheer; to the end 16. Century created Kosaken in west Siberia the cities Tobolsk, Beresow, Surgut, tare, Obdorsk and Narym.

Beginning 17. Century reached Russian Kosaken the eastSiberian river Jenissej. During the rule Michael Fjodorowitschs, the first Zaren from the dynasty Romanow, opened Russian Kosaken east Siberia and created the settlements Jenissejsk, Kusnezk, Krasnojarsk and Jakutsk. They reached the Ochozki sea (Pacific ocean).

1645 investigated the Kosake Wassili Pojarkow the river Amur and discovered the north coast of the island Sachalin. 1648 reached the Kosake Semjon Iwanowitsch Deschnew from the delta of the river Kolyma in the Arctic ocean the delta of the river Anadyr in the Pacific and discovered the road between Asia and America.

From 1697 to 1699 the Siberian Kosak Vladimir Wassiljewitsch Atlassow investigated the peninsula Kamtschatka.

Kosaken in the Soviet time

Briefly before the revolution there were about 4.5 million Kosaken. In the Russian civil war following on it a large part of the Kosaken on the side of the tsarist "white ones" took part. Under Lenin (1920) and afterwards Stalin the majority of the Kosaken was pursued therefore collectively as anti- Bolschewisten. In addition, there were Kosaken on sides of the Bolsheviks; one of their most famous representatives was Semjon Budjonny. The novel "the quiet Don "of Mikhail Scholochow urgently describes the attitude of the Kosaken during the revolution. It gave many Kosaken, which changed the sides more frequently.

Articles in category "Kosaken"

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