The job market is a market (economics) and designates a meeting from supply and demand to workers in a national economy. It distinctive according to a 1. Job market, that the economically justified need according to workers (job supply) of free workers (employees), suitable by enterprise (employer) with a demand, unites and 2. (nationally promoted) to cause job market, which creates additional incentives for employers over job market-political measures for offering jobs in order thereby a market reconciliation of supply and demand.

Those generally consciousness most well-known characteristic number of the job market is the unemployment ratio.

Definition

On the job market worker in time units for market conditions one inquires, one offers and one exchanges. Humans sell their worker against pay for performing concrete activities at employers, for which they manufacture determined products or services. The employers leave in addition the necessary raw materials and media to them.

Why is there an job Because everyone is not so good with the production of all products and with performing of all services (see division of labor). Therefore humans specialize and create themselves further organization forms such as enterprise, families, exchange stock exchanges"Â…

For the job market in developed industrialized countries it is characteristic that many humans can have their personal abilities to work without reservation, over its qualification and its authority. But they do not have - technical, financial, material, organizational - means of production available, in order to produce even goods. Also not all workers learned it to organize their work independently and to sell the produced products the final consumer. Therefore they must look for each other someone and come with him into the business, that has workers financial, technical, material, organizational means and also over customer orders and "only" still necessarily, in order to set its otherwise liveless and useless work such as funds on.

One can structure the job market for purposes of analysis different:

• after the age of the involved ones
• after sex of the involved ones
• after the products and services (industries)
• after work contents (occupations, activities)
• to the position in the work and utilization process or only financial source, Manager=Entscheider, but not owner,
• after the mechanization level of the work

With respect to the economical statistics of the FRG one differentiates for the marking of the potential at workers between so mentioned

• Employees: Employed person persons, who exercise or look for a work. In addition also the independent ones count. In Germany in the year 2001 nevertheless 3,632 millions of altogether 36,816 millions employed persons

and

• liable to social security persons employed: Persons with work contract and at least 401 euro monthly gross earned income.

At present the Federal Statistical Office in Germany counts scarcely 27 million persons.

Employee as Dienstleistungserbringer

It settled in the German language, that, which gives the work (performed), to call the employee while that, which takes the work (work receives), to employers is called. Around term confusion will avoid in the following spoken of the worker (Dienstleistungserbringer) and entrepreneur (service receiver).

The services, which are acted on the job market, differ from other services (e.g. a crop with the hairdresser) particularly in these points:

• The worker brings in nearly no own special capital (office, computer, etc.) for its service, but only his abilities and talents; the necessary special capital is placed by the entrepreneur.
• The worker has usually only one customer, i.e. the entrepreneur
• The worker changes the customers in the comparison rarely (between several months and many years instead of between 30 minutes and unite months)

On the job market despite globalization more service inquired than one offers (will can), but often for a too low price. One calls this a small number of jobs.

Current developments on the job market

In Germany

Since 2003 on the job market for paid work the employer-employee relationship in three different kinds is divided: In mini job (gross income to 400 "€/Monat), the low wage job (gross income of 400,01-800,00 "€/Monat) and regular conditions of employment (gross income starting from 800 "€/Monat). In addition to be gradated according to social insurance contributions and taxes drawn in. The reorganization been based on the Hartz concept and is to bring more occupation in the result.

Job market reforms

By various reasons it can come to problems on the job market. Then the policy must intervene and set reforms on. The SPD/Green craving among chancellors with the introduction of the Hartz concept undertook the last attempt in addition.

Job market research

Job market and occupation research is concerned with the theoretical and empirical investigation of job market, occupational group and industry development etc. in economic and social connections. Particularly for this discipline 1968 at the federal agency at that time for work Institut for job market and occupation research were created. Here the research field is examined interdisciplinary by sociologists, economists and economist tri core.

The research differentiates between countries with liberal (ex. the USA), conservative (ex. FRG) and social-democratic (ex. Sweden) welfare state model and their specific effects on the job market. If one analyzes these models e.g. on the basis its effects on the sex relationship in the job market, the following picture results: in the liberal model takes place a generally positive development of the sex equality on the job market to a large extent debited to small earning women. In the conservative model v.a. a high vertical segregation - i.e. small opportunities for advancement of women - is to be observed. The social-democratic model produces in response a strong horizontal segregation, thus a division of the job market in specific woman and occupations of man.

Resuming references

Literature

• Marcel Erlinghagen: The restructuring of the job market: Job market mobility and occupation stability in the Zeitverlauf. Painted. 1. Aufl. Wiesbaden: VS-Verl. for Sozialwiss. Zugl.: Duisburg, Univ., Diss., 2004, ISBN 3-531-14292-5

• Wolfgang Franz: , Springer publishing house, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-540-00359-2

• Schmid: Equality and efficiency on the job market. Considerations to the change and for the organization of the "sex contract", April 2004 under http://web.fu-berlin.de/gpo/guenther_schmid.htm

See also

Age discrimination, Institut work and technology, time work, trade union, agenda 2010, low wages, Hartz IV

Related links

• Federal agency for work
• Statistic data for Germany
• Data collection (info. diagrams) to job market and unemployment
• Public registration office for place dismantling in Germany
• Web page of the institute for job market and occupation research

Articles in category "Job market"

We found here 97 articles.