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The Juniorprofessur was introduced with the fifth novella of the university framework law 2002, in order to make for young scientists possible with outstanding graduation achievement without the Habilitation common in Germany directly independent research and teachings at universities and to prepare it for the appointment for a Lebenszeitprofessur.
Apart from the earlier independence of the university teacher oh stature in research and teachings the improvement of the international connection ability, the lowering of the Erstberufungsalters, was the increase of the portions female and foreign scientists as well as the better plan barness of scientific career ways further central of goals of the public service employment law reform.
The university framework law was explained of 2002 with decision of the second senate of the Federal Constitutional Court on 27 July 2004 in a 5:3 majority decision for unconstitutional and thus futile, this meant however not the unconstitutionality of the Juniorprofessur separates limited only the legislation clearance of the federation in affairs of education. On 31 December 2004 the so-called repair novella came into force, the Juniorprofessur as personnel category confirmed, but leaves more continuing clearance during the arrangement of the Juniorprofessur and with the retention of the Habilitation to the countries, than the university framework law of 2002.
Beside Juniorprofessuren positions exist as directors/conductors of a scientific group of new generations in the context of the Emmy Noether program (German research council), in the form of Helmholtz Nachwuchsgruppen (Helmholtz community) and within the Max-Planck company. Juniorprofessuren and new generation leader places differ according to selective procedures, basic conditions, central equipment and teachings. While junior professors usually aim at an university teacher place, positions in scientific societies and in the industry are open to new generation group leaders.
A similar project, that the Assistenzprofessur, failed into the 1970er year already in Germany.
The observation that the Erstberufungsalter of German professors is on the average clearly older also over 40 years than in most comparable nations, arranged the Federal Ministry for education and research to undertake with "the fifth novella of the HRG "starting from February 2002 frame-legally somewhat against it. As a cause those was determined usually six years stressing traditional Habilitationsprozedur with locking examination, which is abroad uncommon. Additional pressure resulted to Brain drain among other things from bringing up for discussion the drift outstanding young scientist from Germany to US-American universities under the keyword "". This emigration is connected not least with the evasion of the hurdle of several years as well as that altogether research conditions there. Also one meant this problem to be able to solve with the Juniorprofessur.
In the first three years, since the Rahmengesetz applies, in Germany at least 650 junior professor (inn) was appointed EN. After the end of the by federation and countries to 31.12.2004 the number of the advertisements decreased somewhat. Meanwhile might have been occupied over 1000 Juniorprofessuren. When the BMBF goal will be reached by 6000 Juniorprofessuren, is open.
In December 2003 six junior professor (inn) created EN in Clausthal Zellerfeld "the promotion association Juniorprofessur ", which met sixty fellow combatants on 1 July 2004 to the country widely first "symposium to the Juniorprofessur "to the exchange of ideas. It was criticized there that
2. Symposium to the Juniorprofessur took place on 13 October 2004 at the Humboldt university in Berlin, a 3. Symposium on 13 September 2005 in Hanover. Both marks was present the federal minister for education and research Mrs. Edelgard Bulmahn, and both marks it was criticized that
The constitutionally caused in Germany, after which the culture sovereignty comes to the Lands of the Federal Republic, and which federation, which led has legislative jurisdiction for a university right framework law within the education range only, with again-created circumstances Juniorprofessur to the constitutional challenge. The Lands of the Federal Republic Saxonia, Thuringia and Bavaria led with absolute CDU/CSU majority had requested in a procedure of abstract standard control, the law had to be rejected as unconstitutional. On 27 July 2004 the second senate of the Federal Constitutional Court explained the law because of excess of the framework legislative competence of the federation incompatible with article 70, article 75 in connection with article 72 paragraph 2 of the Basic Law for and futile.
With this decision the Juniorprofessur was not abolished. The Federal Constitutional Court recalled only the federallegal obligation to the introduction of the Juniorprofessur and to the abolishment of the Habilitation. As far as the Lands of the Federal Republic created already following a regional law bases (this should be with nine Lands of the Federal Republic the case), oppose the continuation of the Juniorprofessur nothing. If now each Land of the Federal Republic specifies own, incompatible legal regulations, a change of junior professors of a country would not be simple in the next. The president at that time of the university rectors conference, Peter Gaehtgens, requested the countries on 27 July 2004 to agree on uniform rules.
With the Juniorprofessur an earlier scientific independence was actually reached, but not usually the heavily more weighing goal of a better career planning or an earlier occupation security. All Juniorprofessuren is limited like before university assistant places on first three and after positive intermediate evaluation maximally six years; only all all this are written out with tenure TRACKs. Comparable places as Assistant professor in the USA are usually equipped with tenure TRACKs against it, while one as Lecturer in Great Britain, Maitre de Conference in France and Ricercatore in Italy, in addition, when judge or public prosecutor in Germany, already immediately or at the latest after a three-year Probezeit, is employed which is nearly always existed, on lifetime. The long vocational uncertainty until that 40. Lebensjahr makes particularly difficult for women with child desire a university career and as a reason for the fact is regarded that women are further clearly underrepresented. In addition it is difficult to reconstruct why the German state creates sharper work stipulation of a time limit rules for private enterprises than for itself; in the united kingdom the appropriate European Union guideline was applied equally to private and public service conditions.
The W1-Tarif, after which junior professors are paid, is frequently lower than entrance salaries in the private sector and comparable with the A13-Tarif of a Gymnasiallehrers, although for teachers a smaller and shorter qualification is sufficient; in addition A13 with the age rises and overhauls after some years W1, which is ageindependent. Additionally to a relatively modest income the junior professor one must to 3 years limited place be accepted, those on maximally 6 years be extended can without each warranty for later, while one is usually adjusted for an unlimited period in the private economy after 6 months Probezeit, and as teachers the Referendariat on lifetime one verbeamtet right after. The Verbeamtung on time can besides unfavorably the pension and health insurance affect, if she does not flow into a Verbeamtung as a professor on lifetime, and the junior professor instead into the private sector or abroad to change wants or must.
After "§ 42 of the university framework law junior professors belong contrary to Habilitanden universitylegally to the group of the university lecturers, thus the professors. They are without reservation graduation-entitled and have all rights and obligations of a lifetime professor. Because of the "junior "of additive and the not regulated in many Lands of the Federal Republic (Professor, junior Prof., Juniorprof., or nevertheless only Dr.) older colleagues have wrongly the opinion nevertheless sometimes to that it does not concern adequate Professuren. They classify junior professors e.g. in the case of the occupation of decision-making bodies against legal regulations like (actually however also equal qualified) the Habilitanden as representatives of the central tract. In order to underline the full affiliation to the group of professors, was suggested, renaming the Juniorprofessur simply in W1-Professur.
Even if the proponents call the Juniorprofessur a step in the correct direction, a German university career is thereby in the international comparison only causes become more attractive. Those, which remain in Germany, do it frequently for personal reasons of the solidarity to their homeland.
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