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ISO containers are region containers, by which shipping, standardized world-wide, carrying, camps and unloading goods are simplified and accelerated.
The meaning of containers results particularly from making a closed conveyor chain possible of country and water. In the navigation there is the classical bulk, Dry Bulk and tank charge apart from transport in containers still, as well as RoRo and LASH traffic as well as further specialoperate).
For the ISO containers it was in-patriated particularly in the international goods traffic to use the English designations. The German designations are partly not at all common therefore.
One differentiates LCL (Less container load) and FCL loading (Full container load) with respect to bulk loading, called.
The most common ISO containers have width of 8 foot (2.44 m) and are either 20 foot (6.06 m) or 40 foot (12.19 m) long. From it also the abbreviations result: "TEU "(Equivalent unit Twenty foot) and "FEU "(Equivalent unit Fourty foot). There is however also in the ISO system a multiplicity of special estates.
When for the uniform counting of containers has itself TEU (see above) implemented unit, which is used both for the carrying capacity by container ships and for the envelope quantities in ports or goods stations.
Standard containers are 8 foot and 6 tariff highly (2.59 m). Further there is the execution for the majority of the kinds of container also "High Cube "(also as HQ "High Quantity "designates). These containers have a height of 9 foot and 6 tariff. (2.90 m). The dimensions are in such a way selected that containers can be carried also with truck, railway or inland waterway craft.
The unloaded weight is with 2.300 kg for a 20-foot container and 4,100 kg for a 40-Fuss-Container. The additional load amounts to with 20 foot containers approx. 21.5 tons (t) with 33 m volumes. A 40-Fuss-Container seizes 26.5 t with 67,6 m volumes. These are standard data. However it should be noted with the loading of containers that in many countries to the road transport a maximum weight applies for inclusive vehicle. A 40-Fuss-Container, which is packed with 26,5 t freight weight, cannot be carried in Germany e.g. no more on the road.
In the last years under the guidance of the shipping company A.P. Mrsk Sealand also 45 foot (13.72 m) were introduced long containers. These offer more reservoir, which particularly with charges is favourable. Further 45-Fuss-Container can also regularly be carried on truck chassis, without exceeding the overall length of the double train maximally permitted in Europe. The 45-Fuss-Container represents further a direct competition to the semitrailers usual in Europe. So 45-Fuss-Container, from view of the shipping companies, is to replace conventional semitrailers.
Containers are so stably built that they can be stacked in container ships in thirteen and more situations one above the other. There are so e.g. different special versions of the containers. Cooltainer for perishable freight, freight container for liquid and gaseous substances, autocontainer for passenger car transport, living container for provisional accommodations or container for the transport of living animals.
Each container possesses its own number. It consists of four capital letters, which stand for the owner of the container, and six numbers plus a desk number. The way and place of residence of each individual container on its journey can be pursued by him. A detailed list of the so-called Prefixe is here: .
The use of containers offers several advantages:
Today 70 % of all bulk freight in containers are transported. 356 million container by the shipping companies per year with ships are transported.
Full container ships in "generations "are divided, whereby a generation in each case means a capacity of 1,000 TEU each, therefore can a ship of the 8." Generation 8,000 TEU transport. At present largest container ships are appropriate for 8.400 to 9,200 TEU. The Klassifikationsgesellschaft Germanic Lloyd provided studies, according to which container ships over 13.000 TEU could seize.
Already during the Second World War the American supply in large, container-similar transportation crates was carried.
As an inventor of the modern container the American Malcom P is considered. to McLean. In order to save usual reloading in the port, it is to have shipped as young haulages contractor in 1937 years first whole trucks on ships, later only the trailers with their loaded containers, finally only the containers themselves - the container was born.
It created the shipping company sealing and (since 2006 Maersk LINE) and left the tanker ideal X in such a way changes that at deck additionally containers could be loaded. The first travel led on 26 April 1956 with 58 containers of Newark (new jersey) after Houston (Texas). It took however still ten years, to to 2. May 1966 a ship with containers, which fair country put on, in a European port (Rotterdam); later the ship Bremen reached four days. Containers were built at that time still exclusively according to American standards. Since their measures were however not applicable to European road conditions, after long negotiations to ISO standard containers genutzen today were introduced. The first German container ship ran out 1968 in Hamburg.
One calls the world-wide spreading of the container and the developments within the range of the logistics, which resulted from it until today, container revolution. According to expert opinion this development did not reach its high point yet. The meaning is thereby in the closed conveyor chain of country and water. However the container revolution leads not only to a separation of other transportation forms, but contributes by substantial cost savings also to the growth of the entire transportation volume as well as to the structural change of the trade and the production of goods. Also the security of transportation was increased by the standardized adjustment to the vehicles, improved possibilities of the sealing as well as the fact that contents of containers remain invisible, strongly. As a check of this system is each container with a number from four capital letters, which supplement for the owner of the container, by six numbers as well as a desk number excellently. It is discussed to equip each individual container additionally with satellite navigation.
The propagation of the container ran since its introduction due to these advantages rapidly. For example during introduction of the container in of Bremen the port in the year if 1966 16,000 TEU were shipped, this number trebled itself already in the following year. Further advanced by processes of the globalization of the world trade, in particular Chinese export growth, continues the spreading of the container until today with annual growth rates from at present approx. 10%. At present 26% of the assigned containers originate from China. Thus it came following in the year 2002 the locked modernization of the container terminal Altenwerder into Hamburg port between the years 2001 and 2004 to an envelope growth of 4,7 to 7.0 million TEU. Besides the fact that the transport costs on lake per TEU are the smaller, the are larger the container ship, leads to ever larger ship units. If the largest container ship, a converted tanker, 1968 at a maximum speed of 20 knots, possessed a of 700 TEU then a today's standard ship has a loading capacity of 8.200 TEU at a speed of up to 25 knots (45 km/h). At deck of such a ship 7-8 layers of containers are stowed away in 17 rows and under deck 15 rows in 9 layers. In the building are today container ships with a capacity of 9.200 - 10,250 TEU. Construction plans for ships with a maximum capacity of 12.000 TEU, 352 m length, 56 m broad and a maximum seawater depth of 15 m are however already present. The costs are minimized by the transport of goods in such enormous quantities. Thus the transport costs for a bottle wine from Australia amount to to Europe today 12 cent, a Pound coffee from Central America 3 cent.
Further indices: at present approx. 70 per cent of all bulk freight in containers are transported. Since 1996 the number of container ships doubled itself. The container market grows three times faster than the world economy. In the year 2005 were world-wide approx. 20 million container on 200 million travels on the way, of it about 3 quarters on container ships.
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