Isaac Israel Hayes (* 5. March 1832 in the Chester County, Pennsylvania; "† 17 December 1881 in New York) was an US-American physician and polar researcher.

Kanes 2. Grinnell expedition (1853-55)

Immediately after completion its study at the University OF Pennsylvania (1853) taking part in search action after the missing person John Franklin and its men by he as a ship's doctor with from Henry the Grinnell financed himself and from Elisha Kent Kane led expedition (2 so mentioned. Grinnell expedition) anheuerte. The search action ran - like all different one of the numerous for rescue Franklins started expeditions in the middle 19. Century - unsuccessful, contributed however substantially to the study of the Canadian and arctic.

On the basis of the Kane basin that the expedition selected as winter accomodation, it undertook Kane and Hayes separate in each case carriage travels into the north. Hayes investigated the northern part of the Ellesmere island, while its partner explored Kane north Greenland (Washington country and the Humboldt glacier). The two encountered ice-free zones of the Arctic ocean and set up so a theory, which energized the Fantasie of numerous adventurers and polar researchers in the following years: Hayes thought that the constant drift of the Eisschollen would lead to the fact that beyond frozen over Kane basins let advance one ice-freely, navigable zone of the Arctic ocean expeditions relative to simply the north pole returned the expedition to Upernavik.

Hayes' search for the ice-free Arctic ocean

Later Hayes a new arctic expedition, inspired possessed by the then usual theory of the ice-free Arctic ocean and from the goal, started five years this ice-free, of finding navigable zone of the arctic ocean round around the north pole. The expedition stood from the beginning under no good star: Hayes had intended to only cover itself up in Greenland with carriage dogs 1859 a there furious rabies epidemic disease however the Husky existence had drastically reduced. In addition one of Hayes' companions, calculated one of only two crew members in Upernavik, died that had already arctic experience.

The primary goal was it to advance in the first year as far as possible northward in order to be able to reach into the following assumed ice-free zone. Bad weather prevented that the United States, would have advanced Hayes' ship, at least in the Kane basin, then broke open one the winter accomodation at the westernmost point of Greenland, the cape Alexander nearby the today's settlement Etah on the peninsula designated after Hayes.

Because in the winter 1860/61 two thirds of the carriage dogs at an epidemic disease died, Hayes was forced its astronomers, accompanied of a Inuit to send back in order to procure new dogs. With this action this deceased, so that Hayes was now the last member of its crew, that could show arctic experience.

In the summer Hayes applied then northward, to 19. It reached May 1861 after a carriage travel the northernmost point of this expedition, lady Franklin Bay convenient on northern latitude. From there Hayes saw the Kennedy channel, which he found ice-freely and as entry into the open, navigable arctic sea to identify believed.

Hayes last arctic journey

Back in the civilization Hayes saw itself confronted with political problems: The American civil war prevented a further expedition. Only it could break 1869 open again to north Greenland, this time exclusively traveled it with native Inuit, lived with them and accepted its customs. The largest success of this last expedition Hayes' was the discovery of the robe on channel 1871, which its own theory that the Kennedy channel directly into the Arctic ocean would lead, disproved.

Effect

Hayes entdeckerische successes were exceeded rapidly by following expeditions, its theory by the ice-free Arctic ocean in the subsequent years clearly disproved, for future generations interesting are however above all Hayes travel descriptions, which energize the fantasy due to the lively descriptions still. (see literature)

Literature

Publications

1. At Arctic Boat Journey. (1860), over the expedition with Kane
2. The open polar Sea. (1867), over its expedition 1859-1861
3. The country OF Desolation. (1871)

Related links

: detailed, English biography

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