Hanse (old high German Hansa "group, attendants, crowd") - also German Hanse or dudische Hanse, lat.: HANSA TEUTONICA - the name for between center the 13 is. Century (establishment: 1254) and in the middle 17. Century existing combinations of German buyers with the goal of being able to represent their economic interests particularly abroad better. From it the standard ware of the Hanse developed, in which the Hanseatic cities united and their interests in relation to other nations as well as the emperor represented. The colors of the Hanse were white and red. These colors also today still are in the Stadtwappen of many Hanseatic cities.

In the times of their largest expansion almost 200 sea and of Northern Europe were united in the Hanse.

Today the word is generally used for the designation of a standard ware, which was in Northern Europe not only in economic, but also in political and cultural area an important factor.

History

The Hanse was to be led over long time a political power of first rank, which succeeded it, without own sovereignty - its members remain in each case under the rule different, lay and church Gewalten - even victorious wars. Beginning and end of the Hanse are difficult to determine.

The beginnings

Already before the official union there were - for instance since that 11. Century - German buyer cooperatives, which were abroad privileged. The first cooperative of this kind is documentary occupied 1157 in London. In this united Cologne buyers and acquired a property, to the Stalhof. This address was exterritorial.

In Visby on the island Gotland developed in the year 1161 a Gilde, the community of the German Gotlandfahrer. It was a union of individual buyers of same origin, same right habits and similar commercial interests from the northwest of Germany, of and from foundations of a town at the Baltic Sea. Visby was promoted to a turntable in the Baltic Sea trade with highway circuit to Luebeck. This Gilde of the buyers from the holy Roman realm, who swore themselves mutually to assistance, should become the germ cell of the Hanse.

As further combinations the Peter yard than competition to the Scandinavian Gotenhof and the Tyske Brygge in mountains developed in Nowgorod around 1200. These cooperatives resisted together dangers and from their view unauthorized requirements, for example from the basic Ruhr right and the law of wreckage. The Hanse developed of the original Kaufmannshanse later to the with which cities formed a mutual federation.

Member of the Hanse could be or become a city in three way. Up to the center of the 14.Jh the cities grew by the participation of their buyers at the hansischen trade into the community. Since the center of the Jh. the cities placed formal petitions in error or photograph. Often the smaller cities took a third path into the Hanse, by being able to be taken up without special formalities of one of the larger cities. A special case remained the rheinische Neuss, which was raised 1475 due to imperial privilege into the rank of a Hanseatic city.

The Hans characteristic was lost through disuse of the privileges, through freiwilligen withdrawal from the community or through the formal exclusion of a city (Verhansung), which with serious offences against the principles and interests of the community by the city meeting could be made. To the questions, on which no clear answers can be given, also the question belongs, since when there is the Hanse at all. There is no of the Hanse. It developed, grew. The contemporaries do not even seem to have had clear conceptions over it. When the advice of the city Bremen turned 1418 in a controversy with Hamburg to Cologne, for a copy of the establishment document of the Hanse asked, answered the Cologners, they for the demanded writing van the fundatacien the Duytz hensze would have looked, however would further-search in vain and to the Bremern the desired copy would send, as soon as they had become Philippe Dollinger indicates the actual beginning of the Hanse as the reestablishment and/or the reconstruction of Luebeck in the year 1159. An important condition for the emergence of the Hanse was the Ostkolonisation, the development of the Baltic Sea area, the establishment of Luebeck and the education of the cooperative.

The bloom time

Between approximately 1350 and 1400 the Hanse stood there as northEuropean great power. 1356 united a loose standard ware standing under the line of Luebeck officially to the federation van the hanse. The German Hanse was not rather freely organized also after this official establishment, had a condition and no membership lists, no durable independent Finanzgebarung or an official.

About 70 cities, further 130 formed their core were loosely associated. Thus the sphere of influence of the Hanse expanded over an area, which handed Reval from Flanders until and covered the entire Baltic Sea area up to the Finnish sea bosom. Most important not-urban member was the German medal.

The resolutions of the Hanse were seized starting from on 1356 Hans floors so mentioned with simple majority.

In such a way reached supremacy of the Hanse in north and Baltic Sea excited above all the resistance of Denmark: 1361 came it in the first Hanse Denmark war to the fight against the Danish king Waldemar IV., which wanted to limit the rights of the Hanse. The originally only economic interests serving federation received victorious exit of this second Hanse Denmark war by the Cologne Confederation closed against the threat of the Dane king on 19 November 1367, which united the cities to the war alliance with Sweden and Norway against Denmark, also high political Bedeutung.Der brought the Hanse with the peace of Stralsund 1370 an unusual powerful position. The king choice in Denmark dependent made on the agreement of the Hanse. (This option was not noticed however of the Hanse.)

The Hanse worked satisfactorily also in the fight against the pirate federation of the which ended to 1402 with the execution by beheading her leader Klaus in Hamburg.

The attempt of the Danish king of Erich VII. to loosen Scandinavia from dependence and the introduction of the Sundzolls, led 1420 to 1435 to a recent war, in which Denmark was subject again and which was terminated 1435 with the peace by Vordingborg.

Fall of the Hanse

The power loss of the Hanse began with the Erstarken of the nationalwonderful Territorialgewalten in the Baltic Sea area, by which the cities were subordinated to the interests of the governing princes. Another, later reason was the discovery America, which expanded the Baltic Sea west lake (North Sea), dominating so far, trade now into overseas areas. Decreased/went back not the Handelsvolumen of the Hanse in the actual sense, probably developed however powerful competitors, that weakened the meaning of the Hanse for the individual cities - and buyers -.

Already 1441 had to recognize the Hanse the economic equal rights of the Dutchmen, after had arisen as most important Kontor of the Hanse with Antwerp a powerful competitor and the Netherlands had allied themselves additionally with the Danes as the "masters of the Sunds". Besides disagreement between the cities developed over handling the Dutchmen: While the wendischen cities were more strongly threatened by the Erstarken of the Dutch trade and pushed to an irreconcilable policy, knew the German knight medal, Cologne and the cities their own interests with a konzilianteren policy better to live accordingly.

The peace of Utrecht (1474) the 1470 common Kaperkrieg begun of the cities of the Wendi and Prussian quarter against England and secured the Privililegien of the Londoner Stalhofs and the hansischen cloth trade terminated.

The final fall of the Hanse began 1494 with the locking of the Kontors in Nowgorod by Iwan III. With the misalignment of the foreign trade to overseas the Hanse, which had not seen much necessity due to its monopolistic position to open in relation to innovations lost in 15. and 16. Century increasingly in meaning. The number of the member cities decreased/went back ever more. 1669 held the latter in the Hanse cities, Luebeck, Hamburg, remained, Bremen, Danzig, Rostock, Braunschweig, Hildesheim, and Cologne the last Hans day in Luebeck, whereby the three the first mentioned protection of the Kontore abroad present took over.

1684 requested emperors Leopold the Hanse to the financial assistance for the war against the Turks.

With beginning 17. Century was the proud and powerful standard ware of the Hanse only after names an alliance. The war, 1618-1648, brought the complete dissolution. A suggestion of Spain, Hanseatisch Spanish a Compagnie, which should operate the trade after the new Spanish colonies in Central America, failed to Hamburg, Bremen and Luebeck was assigned because of the Protestant-catholic faith contrast on the Hans floors 1629 and 1641 to protect the best for the well-being of the Hanse. The Kontor in mountains became 1775, which sells Stalhof, Steelyard in London 1858. The 1540 from to Antwerp shifted Kontor in the Osterling house changed 1863 into the hands of the Belgian government. The Peter yard in Nowgorod was mentioned already 1494 with conquest Nowgorods by Iwan IIITH, Kalita, destroyed.

Articles in category "Hanse"

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