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Handicraft the profession and the commercial activity are called, with which on order a product or a service is usually manufactured directly for the consumer. It stands thus contrary to the industriellen mass production on supply. Who craftsman is and who operates an other trade, is fixed in the handicraft ordinance.
In the rurally oriented early Middle Ages there were only few occupations, which were performed by craftsmen. In religious basic rule was this mostly monks, which had specialized, for example in arts and crafts or the glass production. The building craft, stone-cutter and bricklayer, had likewise technically far progressed at this time. All other activities were produced or processed on the or by the free farmers themselves. Exceptions were here forge and Mueller, since with this occupations an extensive equipment was necessary.
Starting from the high Middle Ages, with the developing of cities the situation of the handicraft changed. Ever more talented relating to crafts humans pulled into the cities, since there high chances of winning and paragraph lured. The high demand for products changed the work behavior of order work for constant production. The manufactured goods were then sold on the regularly taking place markets or issued in the shops present with the workshops to the sales. The different skilled trades united to guilds.
Craftsmen, who were independent and independently active, had it very heavily, since they were supplied only rarely by a dealer. The latters were merged strong into the guild and depended considerably on its defaults.
craftsmen were order with the police pursued. In the city they fled then (if the houses with the Traufseite to the road stood) crosswise over the house soils from Giebeldurchschlupf to Giebeldurchschlupf whole road courses along, therefore it (originally down-German) name Likewise Jews were not allowed to exercise handicraft.
There were also so-called free masters, who received special permissions for special activities and talents. So for example Johannes good mountain was a free master, who did not have to submit as craftsmen to the obligations of the guilds.
In rural areas there was long time moving craftsmen, sometimes as designation. The handicraft is a change subjected, while on new Handwerkszweige develop for side, loses others at meaning or becomes extinct completely.
Under the French revolution and the using industrialization in completely Europe it became necessary toward at the end of of 1700 to introduce the freedom of trade on which each citizen was allowed to exercise a handicraft after his choice.
Associate united and it gave 194 different associating unrests, associating rebellions or also associating strikes in the cities, which arranged themselves apart from wage demands also against the suppression of the freedom of trade by the masters and fought polarizing for the free practise of the profession, it were the forerunners and roots of a modern trade union.
On 2 November 1810 into Prussia the freedom of trade was introduced, extended later to 21.6.1869 the freedom of trade by realm law generally speaking country. Each citizen is entitled starting from this time to open a crafts enterprise. There are efforts again and again on the part of the master craftsmen to bring this law to case around market advantages to obtain.
1897 and 1908 the trade and industrial regulations were amended finally and are generally recognized today as the Grundpfeiler of the so-called binary system of the professional training.
1897 were discharged the handicraft law, which the chamber of trade legitimized and which all craftsmen had to step. 1908 were issued the "small certificate of competency", which legitimized the training permission of the apprentices by the masters legally.
1935 succeed it to the master craftsmen in co-operation with the national socialists to bring those at this time to tradition of the freedom of trade in the handicraft by the introduction of the so-called "large certificate of competency" to case and implement the master obligation.
The "large certificate of competency" in form of the master's certificate attached the authentication of the apprentice training to the training as the examined master, whose monitoring is subject to the master craftsmen of the chambers of trade.
1945 are abolished the master obligation by the US-allied in the US zone of occupation and the freedom of trade relating to crafts is again introduced.
Starting from 1948 succeeds introducing the chambers of trade the master obligation by lobbying again. The activity of craftsmen, who work from now on without master's certificate independently, is thus called so-called "moonlighting", as breach of law and pursued of the chamber of trade as well as of order authorities criminally.
Only 2003/2004 were decided by the handicraft right novella the freedom of trade in 53 skilled trades by the Bundestag.
53 skilled trades were released legally from the master obligation and 41 handicrafts to be subject in accordance with handicraft ordinance further the master obligation.
The handicraft is very strongly organized in Germany:
Each registration-obligated crafts enterprise is obligation member in the chamber of trade responsible for it (comparable the Chamber of Commerce and industrie) and professional association. These chambers form regional chamber days, the member in the central association of the German handicraft are. Highest organ of the chambers of trade: German chamber of trade day
Beyond that many crafts enterprises are voluntarily in guilds organized. These guilds are usually regionally in Kreishandwerkerschaften and technically in national specialized and/or organized, which forms central professional associations on federal level. As junior organization the juniors of the handicraft represent the interests of the young master craftsmen/inside and high-level personnel in the handicraft.
The 54 chambers of trade and 43 central professional associations form the central association of the German handicraft (ZDH) with further important mechanisms of the handicraft
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