By globalization one understands frequently processes of an increasing inter and intranationalen entwinement of most diverse dimensions of our planet. This intensification of the global relations happens on all levels (individual humans, societies, institutions and states) and within all ranges (economics, politics, culture, environment, communication etc.). The associated changes of economic, political, social, cultural, ecological and further conditions are called globalization effects. As substantial causes the technical progress within almost all ranges as well as political decisions are considered to the globalization for the liberalisation of the world trade.

Term

The term of the globalization can general be defined then described not sharply, and interprets numerous scientific the globalization differently. Globalization, which 1961 emerge for the first time in a English-language encyclopedia, is a rough consent of what is generally understood by globalization, penetrated after 1990 into the public debates in the German-speaking countries into above Definition.Der term originating from the social sciences. Another, little common designation is Mondialisierung (after the term Mondialisation preferred in the French: Le of moons is called "the world"). Some it call the described process not as globalization, but Entnationalisierung or Denationalisierung, in order to express that the national state in the course of the globalization loses ever more at power and meaning.

Aspects of the globalization

Principal and goods traffic

The world-wide statistically provable trade rose between 1950 and 1998 around the 17-fache, while statistically documented production the sixfold increased by goods itself only around. The number of the direct foreign investments rose between 1970 and 1998 of 21 to 227 billion US Dollar.

• Influence of the industrial nations. Modern branches of industry need today for their specialized and qualitatively high-quality goods markets, which exceed the demand of their domestic national economy. These markets find it to a majority in other industrialized countries, partially - in particular in the consumer goods industries - also in developing countries. Commercialpolitically industrial nations usually occur therefore for the opening of markets straight for high-quality industrial products. National capacity to act limited in this countries however e.g. by the fact that locations for company headquarters and manufacturing plants also after internationally compared steering wheel and delivery load selected, whereby states on tax receipts - is it from taxations of enterprises or from direct and indirect taxes - which pay persons employed, for the financing of the public expenditures are dependent. This can contribute to political impulses for unpleasant changes (e.g. retreating longwall system of the welfare state).

• Influence of the developing countries. Developing countries have the possibility, connection by relatively low wages with relatively low life costs to the world economy of achieving economic growth and relative prosperity. On the other hand market opening and adjustment for world markets often leads to drastic structural change, whose shade side cannot be the fall internationally competitive industries to important extent.

• Influence of the developing countries. Developing countries, which are coined/shaped by political instability, unsatisfactory right security and insufficient infrastructure, can tighten usually even with lowest wages hardly productive foreign investments. Developing countries are frequently excluded from the globalization process in this way, which still strengthens its backwardness. Many of these countries have relative to high tariffs to the protection of their fragilen economic structures and the income achievement. On the other hand above all by high there import duties or establishing of import quotas only limited market admission chances are granted to the competitive agricultural products of developing countries in the industrialized countries. Besides many developing countries depend on the export only one raw material, so that fluctuations of the world prices can affect catastrophically their economics.

• Role of producing enterprises. Many enterprises produce meanwhile world-wide (global Players) and have so the possibility, different labor costs, investment, of using tax and other conditions in the different countries to their favour within the enterprise. National operating smaller enterprises, which do not have these possibilities first, are often in their existence threatened by the competition of internationally operating enterprises. Many see themselves forced to for their part e.g. shift jobs into "cheap wage countries" which can have again negative reactions to job markets and domestic demand in "high-wage countries", if none develop there according to remunerated new jobs.

• Influence of banks and financings. Financialintermediate apply owing to modern EDP as the main accelerators of the globalization, because amounts of billion are movable within seconds over the globe. On the other hand they stand in a global competition around as profitable an investments as possible. This leads to the fact that her for their part investments of funds with the goal of high profits active and so social aspects into the background steps, and on the other hand even is forced to cost-efficiency.

• regional training of the globalization. The European Union extension to the East lets a job misalignment fear into countries with lowest production costs. On the other hand flows from Germany from capital into countries with lower taxes (and v. A. Switzerland, Austria). In other regions likewise developments run to free trade areas: so in North America the NAFTA zone, in South America of the Mercosur and in Asia the ASEAN area.

Transport and passenger traffic

The number of the person kilometers in the international air traffic and the transportation quantity of the air freight increased themselves a hundredfold since 1950 more than. The extent of the goods transported to lake rises since 1920 strongly. With the expansion of the course, automobile and air traffic the transnational passenger traffic and the tourism expand.

Communication

The number of the telephone connections at the world-wide telephone network increased tenfold since 1960. Beside the telephone new communication technologies develop with the mobile telephone, the VoIP Telefonie, the video conference over IP, the fax and the Internet. Internet-based Telefonie makes a co-operation possible global interlaced by a practically free permanent communication connection in high quality. Particularly over Internet the transnational communication processes multiplied and the number of the Internet connections rise further exponentially, however over the globe very unequally distributed and in in a totalitarian manner governed countries strictly supervised.

Articles in category "Globalization"

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