The gulden [derived from "golden and/or or "golden"] is a in former times common coin (originally from gold, therefore the name, later also from silver) and a currency in several states. The regular abbreviation is flat steel bar. or f. for Fiorino, lat. florenus aureus, French Florin. It is derived from the Florentiner gold gulden, in 13. Century Europe including England as silver Florin (= 2 Shillinge) conquered. (see further below)

There were guldens in gold and starting from that 16. Century predominantly as silver equivalent (e.g. as Joachimsthaler Guldiner, the later Taler). Guldiner were coined/shaped with different weights in completely Europe. In the German linguistic area one knew the gulden up to the introduction of the Goldmark in the year 1873. Achieved special meaning beside the realm gulden the Netherlands gulden, the Hungarian Forint as well as the Polish gulden, which continue today still with the Zloty. One differentiated in 17. to early 19.Jh exactly between the actual gold gulden, (rheinischen and the silver gulden, the Taler and (virtual) the calculation gulden. A linguistic paradox existed e.g. in Saxonia of the 18.Jh., where the Conventionstaler applied equal two guldens (half Taler), although both designations historically actual descended from (gold) the gulden! The gold gulden was subject contrary to the Dukat starting from the early modern times of the which its likingness limited.

Gold gulden

The designation gold gulden is not a tautology, but serves for the numismatischen distinction of the silver gulden dominating in the modern times as well as for the demarcation in relation to the gulden as accounting unit.

The origins of the gold gulden

The gold gulden from Florenz (Fiorino) and the Dukat (Zecchine) made of Venice developed from the trade with North Africa (Maghreb). There the buyers with European silver could buy favorably African gold. In order to set in the silver trade or the still more lucrative salt trade acquired gold off with profit again, gold coins were the suitable medium. Gold coins represented a commodity in Europe, there their course opposite the silver coins first not fixed, but was dependent on the of the two precious metals. Gold had a substantially better course in Europe opposite silver (1: 10 to 1:12 in Europe, 1:6 to 1:8 in the Maghreb). In this way good profits were made, and also a worth-stable currency arrived at the same time at the market.

First Florentiner gold gulden ("Fiorino") was coined/shaped 1252 (weight 3.537 g). The books of the Florentiner prove an output of up to 350.000 Florenen in good years, that are about 1.2 tons of gold.

The propagation of the gold gulden

The gold gulden came by the trade into the German-speaking countries. There the two large business circles, the mittelmeerische and the hansische, met in the Netherlands and created themselves a new center, which affected also Germany. With the intensification of the remote trade the need after a larger developed silver-nominally or and/or gold-nominally. For over five centuries alone the coined/shaped Denar or Pfennig did not meet these requirements any longer. The ingots common as replacement in the wholesale were underlaid for the Fiorino, because larger business could be completed by means of European usual large coins with smaller losses of the exchange of money.

Because the Floren was so desired and was copied north the alps, Pope offered Johannes XXII. in the year 1332 the Florentinern on to exkommunizieren all imitators if it the expenditure were permitted by Florenen. These were coined/shaped in Avignon.

Appearance

The transcription determines, which is the front or the back. The front is mostly the embossing gentleman reserved. On the front of the Floren originally a lily was shown, the city symbol of Florenz, on the back the holy pc. Johannes. When the coin was introduced to German landing later, the holy pc. Johannes developed to the front. There is no doubt that for medieval humans to one a far higher rank comes to holy ones than a lily or a coat of arms.

In order to differentiate between coinages of different territories, different developed in the course of the years. Pc. Johannes was replaced in Mainz 1365 by a bishop, the lily by a coat of arms. Representations of the holy Petrus, Christ, pc. Laurentius, pc. Andreas, St. Martin, Madonna and even a knight or a standing Pfalzgrafen still came into 14. and at the beginning 15. Century in addition. Only in 16. Century the holy ones were replaced by ruler portraits.

Holy portraits on gold guldens

Johannes of the

Johannes of the is the first holy one, which was illustrated on the gold guldens.

Apostel Petrus

Pc. Laurentius

The holy Laurentius as symbol for the gold gulden.

Gold gulden in Germany

Prague

The beginning of its own gold coinage in Germany falls into the second quarter 14. Century. In Germany began hereby as first Johann of 1325 in Prague. The designation "Floren" applied only to the first coinages with unchanged afterwards developed the designation "gulden".

Luebeck

Since 1339 Luebeck tried to separate from the from 1226 to. In negotiations under the guidance of the realm count Berthold von Henneberg it succeeded to the city to induce the emperor Ludwig IV. the Bavarian (1282 to 1347) to an expansion of the With the Landshuter document of 25. March 1340 was decided the coinage of a gulden after florentiner appearance. To 1342 in the consequence in Luebeck 30,000 gold guldens (with a Rohgewicht of 3,53g) under the Johannes Salenbem were coined/shaped.

Rhine country (Rheini

The Rheini gold gulden (florenus Rheni) developed, after the cure princes of Cologne, Trier and Mainz their support let themselves be recompenced with the choice of Karl IV. with a (the right led itself from the golden one bull off). Trier received the privilege on 25 November 1346, Cologne on 26 November 1346 and Mainz on 22 January 1354.

The Rheini gold gulden was into the modern times of central importance for the German monetary system. It developed to the most common remote commercial coin in Hungary, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands, Spain and France. Gold, but also silver coins were not only evaluated in their value after rheinischen guldens and thus its course (number value) was determined.

Articles in category "Gulden"

We found here 8 articles.