Fungicide is a chemical or biological active substance, which kills mushrooms or its Sporen and restrains thus its growth.

Ranges of application

Fungicides are used particularly in the agriculture as plant protection agents. Besides they serve color, also for the fight against harming mushrooms on wood, textiles, at walls (dry rot) and with food. For fungicides, which are used in the medicine (e.g. against skin mushrooms), the term Antimykotika is more common.

Effect way

Fungicides can work protektiv, kurativ or eradikativ. Protektive of fungicides prevent a Sporenkeimung or the penetration of the mushroom into the Pflanzengewebe. That can by direct effect on the Spore (sporozide effect) or via change of the physiological conditions on the sheet are done. With application of protektiver fungicides often several squirting are necessary, in order to prevent during the endangerment period an infection. This leads to altogether high expenditure quantities and high labor costs.

Since center of the 1980er years are available also kurative and eradikative fungicides. Kurative of fungicides can stop an infection in the initial stage. Eradikative of fungicides can still successfully fight fungal attack even if infestation symptoms are visible already. So far there are eradikative active substances only for the fight against ektoparasitischen mushrooms like e.g. the flour rope.

Application place

According to the application place and/or the application one differentiates sheet fungicides, soil fungicides and cleaners.

Sheet fungicides will become squirted on the aboveground plant parts or, soil fungicides brought into the soil.

Pickling as seeds treatment is to kill mushroom pores on the seed and to prevent thus an infection of the Keimlings. The seeds can be dipped into fungicide solution and/or thereby sprayed (Nassbeize) or into contact with fungicide powder to be brought (Trockenbeize). Today practically all grain seeds before the sowing are pickled. To 1982 quecksilberhaltige cleaners were certified in Germany.

Admission and transport

Fungicides, which are taken up over the sheet or the roots and shifted by the transport system of the plant, are called systemic fungicides. Above all recent impulses are well protected by systemic fungicides.

Restaurant-systemic active substances are taken up to the plant, distribute themselves there however only in small measure. The reason for it lies frequently in their rapid Metabolisierung.

The non-systemic fungicides or contact fungicides penetrate not into the plant, but remain at its surface. If the plant forms new sheets or if that was washed off fungicide by rains, must again be squirted.

Active substances

With fungicides it can concern around inorganic, metal-organic or organic chemicals or organisms.

Inorganic fungicides are for example the (cu (OH) 2*CaSO4) or the basic Kupferchlorid (3Cu (OH) 2) *CuCl2*nH2O). Kupfer2+-Ionen are set free by these fungicides, which can work in the mushroom pores as enzyme poisons and prevent thus a germinating. Colloidal, pure sulfur (Netzschwefel) is likewise an inorganic fungicide. It oxidizes on the plant surface to sulfur dioxide, which restrains the Sporenkeimung. Inorganic fungicides constitute still about half of the sold fungicides. They may be used partly also in the context of the ecological agriculture.

Metal-organic fungicide active substances like very poisonous and environmentalharmful mercury and Zinnorganika are today forbidden.

The group of the organic fungicide active substances is very heterogeneously compound and with difficulty visible. With the quantitatively important grain fungicides today above all active substances from the classes of the Azole, Morpholine and Strobilurine are used.

At present a biological active substance, which contains Sporen of the parasitischen mushroom Coniothyrium minitans, is certified for the fight against Sclerotinia mushrooms (e.g. with the Raps) in Germany.

Quantity estimation

In Germany annually about 10,000 t of fungicides (active substance) are sold and used in plant protection. This corresponds about quarter to the total quantity at plant protection agents. In Austria annual fungicide consumption amounts to about 1400 t.

In Central Europe the portion of the fungicides of the sold plant protection agents is relatively large. Because of the damp climate and the closely sown grain existence here the danger of mushroom infections is larger than in other parts of the world.

See also

Antimykotikum, Fungistatikum

Literature

• Michael Henningsen: Modern fungicides: Mushroom fight in the agriculture. Chemistry in our time 37 (2), P. 98 - 111 (2003), ISSN 0009-2851

Articles in category "Fungicide"

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