Federal highway / Road and right of way

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Federal highways are freeways in Germany and Austria, which serve primarily spacious traffic. In Switzerland the federal highways main streets are called; the most important possess a number without characteristics.

Germany

Federal highways are predominantly in the road construction load of the federation. The abbreviation consists of a sequential number and the placed in front capital letter "B" (for example B 1, B 10 or B 83). The marking effected in the traffic in accordance with road traffic regulations by small, black-bordered, yellow boards with the number in black writing.

In the GDR the appropriate roads trunk roads were called and were marked by an F. The numbering of realm, long-distance traffic and federal highways was maintained, only individual roads were back-gradated (e.g. such, which led into the national territory before 1945).

In contrast to the federal motorways federal highways serve not exclusively the high-speed traffic with motor vehicles.

The usual speed limits for passenger car on federal highways amount to:

outside of closed localities max. 100 km/h
within closed localities max. 50 km/h
on motorway-similar federal highways (at least in each case two driving strips for each driving direction or if the carriageways are structurally separate) only a recommended speed of 130 km/h applies in Germany. (a so-called yellow motorway)

For the development and the receipt of the federal highways in Germany the department of road construction/traffic of the Federal Ministry of Transport (www.bmvbw.de) is responsible.

In Germany there are at present approximately 41,139 km federal highways.

Systematics and history in Germany

Toward end of the Weimar Republic in the course of gradually increasing motorizing and the new and development exerted by it of several freeways the planning of a uniform numbering of the freeways was tackled in Germany. In other European countries (e.g. France) such a numbering was already realized.

Thus on 17 January 1932 the new system of the realm roads was introduced. Realm roads were marked by one "R "and a number. The first nine numbers - which one-digit numbers - at Germany completely crossing roads were assigned, which formed the basic net of the large realm roads in such a way specified. 1934 were introduced for the first time with new road traffic regulations the this very day usual small yellow sign with the road number.

Two and three-figure numbers were continued to assign systematically from south to north and from west to east. With the number 138 the first phase of the numbering was final. Since the last these numbers all lay in the east areas of the German Reich at that time (Schlesien, Pommern and East Prussia) and these areas after the war to Poland and the Soviet Union fell, today a large gap of the numbers 111 up to the number 165 gapes. From these only particular with small sections at the today's border exists to Poland.

The second phase of the numbering went from 1934 to 1937. Now the numbers were continued starting from 138 in East Prussia and moved in reverse direction toward the west and then again from north to south. In this phase given numbers were the 139 to 327.

The numbers 328 to 432 were assigned from 1938 to the end of the war, exclusively for before the war (connection of Austria and Annexion of the Sudetenlandes and the so-called "remainder Tschechei ") and in the war (in Poland, France, Luxembourg and Belgium) of attached areas, as well as important communications there. Many of these numbers from 328 to 432 do not exist any longer, and/or were again assigned. Some numbers like the 400 were again dedicated to the time even several marks in the run. Until today still short sections of B 340, B 378, B 388 and B 399 exist. Also some further closely to the border running or ending federal highways as for example former B 409, which became B 410, B 418 and B 421 during the war justified.

After the war the system of the realm road numbering was maintained. After formation of the Federal Republic the West German roads received however "a B "for federal highway before their number, against what the GDR replaced old "R "by "an F "for trunk road. From that g 1 from Aachen to East Prussia became in such a way in the west B 1 from Aachen to Helmstedt, and in the GDR the F 1 from Morsleben to Kietz. In addition, the old system of numbers was maintained in the GDR, so that after the turn from the F-roads B-roads could become simple. Only the federal highway 250 exists today twice.

The numbers starting from 399 were assigned in accordance with the Second World War in West Germany. Starting from 526 up to the highest number 588 the row is very incomplete and can be filled up further.

Sometimes short branches of federal highways are named the federal highway number and a placed behind A (for example federal highway 7a (Creuzburg - Herleshausen)). Besides occasionally also common a n was to place for again removed federal highways behind the number (like B 27n for the motorway Stuttgart Degerloch - Kirchentellinsfurt to center of the 90's). For the middle ring in Munich the federal highway number 2R (R for ring) was assigned.

Austria

Federal highways are all those road courses, those into to the federal highway law the 1971 belonging listings as such to be determined or by Federal law as it be explained. In the detail the process is determined by a regulation of the Federal Minister for traffic, innovation and technology.

Carrier of the building load is in Austria the federation. The federation transferred however 1982 preservation and tasks of financing to the ASFINAG.

To the federal highways also thereby standing mechanisms belong such as noise protection mechanisms, tunnel, bridges, underpasses, retaining walls, in addition, devices to the a elevation of the motorway toll and the like in connection.

To favour of federal highways interferences are permissible into rights third:

For the establishment, preservation or transformation of federal highways including the structural facilities belonging to it expropriations (against indemnification in the sense "§ 1323 ABGB) are possible.
At a distance to 40 m of a motorway and 25 m of a motorway may be made no new, or changes.
Also the management of adjacent properties can be limited because of possible endangerment of the existence of the road or be attached to the obtainment of a grant:
- It can be arranged that adjacent forests in width of 4 m are to out-light to both sides to racquets, or be managed in a certain way.
- Acoustic advertisements are in a distance of 100 m inadmissibly, optical advertisements only under certain conditions and with official permission permitted.
- Property owners must bear a setting up of snow fences and such, whereby any damage is recompensed.
- The derivative of water (for instance of roofs) on the federal highway is forbidden. Turned around the neighbors must bear the discharge of the water of the federal highway and the deposit of snow.

The use of the federal highways is open to everyone in the context of the road-police and strength-drivinglegal regulations.

Systematics and history in Austria

The federal highways divided in

Federal highways A (federal motorways) - those are roads crossing-free put on, which are suitable for the high-speed traffic and exhibit special connection points for and departure;
Federal highways S (federal motorways) - those are other roads suitable for the high-speed traffic.

The earlier federal highways B were left open with 1 April 2002 than such and transferred into the administration of the Lands of the Federal Republic. The federal highways B with a large B and a sequential number were designated (for example B1, B10 or B83). The former federal highway-describe after road traffic regulations (blue rectangular boards with the designation of the federal highway in white writing, in former times "federal highway with priority ") are called now "road with priority ". So far the old road designations were maintained.

The classification as federal motorway or federal motorway does not say anything about the classification after road traffic regulations. Several federal motorways are motorways in the sense of road traffic regulations (crossing-free, separate carriageways, permissible maximum speed 130 km/h instead of 100 km/h).

Some these road courses, like e.g. the A5, S1 and S2 are only in planning or in building; they are however already into the listings of the federal highways taken up.