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To the investigation of economic acting, which laws of the economic development and for the scientific support of national and operational deciding have themselves the economic science developed. They are usually divided into two ranges: the political economy and the management economics.
The political economy examines overall economic connections in the as result of rational decisions of individual participants (households, enterprises) and in the as result of the systematic interaction of overall economic aggregates (overall economic demand, investments, price level etc.).
The management economics are concerned with the behavior of an economical unit, the enterprise, in the context of their limited possibilities and means.
As a founder of the modern economic science mostly the Scot Adam Smith is regarded, which published 1776 its book at Inquiry into the Nature and Causes OF the Wealth OF nation. There Smith criticized up to then mostly the prevailing mercantilism. Its wide-spread work found large acknowledgment in Great Britain and the USA and obtained for the first time the idea of a new science direction for the investigation of economic acting. Smith brought in particular already existing ideas of the division of power of Montesquieu and the ideas together of the historian David Hume over human motives and ways of acting.
The modern political economy is based on the one hand on the investigations and publications of John May pool of broadcasting corporations Keynes, to that in its disputed work The Economic Consequences OF the Peace the reparation payments after that 1. World war as ruin for the national economy of Germany criticized. Above all its general theory of the occupation, the interest and the money dominated the macro-economic discussion several decades. Apart from this inquire-oriented (keynesianischen) political economy has in the second half 20. Century increasingly an offer-oriented orientation (monetarism) spreading and acknowledgment found, which decrease/go back on the economist Milton Friedman. Within the politico-economic range these offer-oriented aspects were converted most clearly in England by the Prime Minister minister Margaret Thatcher (Thatcherismus) and in the USA by president Ronald Reagan (Reaganomics).
In the economic science today is mostly assumed the needs of humans are theoretically unlimited. Since the means are however limited for the satisfaction of these needs, inevitably not all needs can be satisfied. The goods for the satisfaction of the needs are thus scarcely (principle of the goods scarceness), the economy describe in this view the task to use the existing goods optimally.
The economy has a responsibility as one of the arranging forces in the society. With this dimension of the organization the restaurant ethics is concerned. Many management consultants refer to the dangers, into which enterprises go, if they act obviously egoistically and thus their image with potenziellen customers and business partners damage. But also inward is ethical acting of importance: both their motivation, which affects itself medium-term also economically, increases models of the profit-sharing and the integration of the coworkers into decision-making processes.
Under critical break with economic theories the churches developed an alternative, less "market-fundamentalist" restaurant concept, which develops on Christian fundamental convictions. They exist each particular, to which Jesus assures a life in abundance in the self value, and which a social goal of arranging the life of humans solidary and lasting. This example connects the ecological question with the social and economic question and the long-term surviving of mankind.
"Durable development" and/or "lastingness" interlaces the following criteria:
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