Exclusif (frz.) one calls the demand after an exclusive use of the own overseas possessions (colonies) for the advantage of the French motherland in the age of the mercantilism.

Bases

Since the maintenance of own colonies caused usually enormous costs - approximately by the protection by means of a powerful war fleet -, all profits under all circumstances, which could be obtained with the exploitation of these colonies, had, which own motherland benefit. This closed both the sales of goods manufactured in the motherland (everything that was not to be manufactured in the colony or only conditionally: Materials for the clothing of the slaves, Manufakturprodukte such as candles, soap or metal goods, as well as agricultural products such as butter, and wine), as well as the transport of in response acquired overseas goods and finally the profitable Reexport of these goods into other countries.

Besides foreign trade gain in the age of the mercantilism could be carried out above all by the fact that all produced in the own colonies raw materials (for instance the raw sugar won from Zuckerrohr or the still unmachined cotton) exclusively in the own country processed (refining of the sugar, production of cotton) became. The native trade was promoted by the finishing process, by which following sales of the products manufactured in the own country an active commercial balance sheet did not only become obtained, but possibly also still the trade of the importing country beeinflsst negatively (as in case of the 1703 between England and Portugal of final trade agreement, which facilitated the import of Tuchen from English production in Portugal and thus Portuguese textile production lastingly weakened).

Rules of the Exclusif

• The colonies should carry on exclusively with the motherland trade: "On A que la pourrait seule more avec les Colonies, et cela avec grande raison parce que le but de leur A l'extension you commerce, non la fondation d'une ville ou d'un empire" (Montesquieu, ESPRIT of the Lois, XXXI, 21). Thereby the direct purchase of slaves at the African Guinea coast was forbidden to the owners of plan day of the French colonies in west India (instead: transatlantic triangle trade), just as the trade of the overseas trading bases was forbidden among themselves strictly.

• The products produced in the colonies were not allowed to step under any circumstances to products of the motherland into competition, - like that for instance the import of Rum was forbidden to one of the by-products westIndian sugar plan days of the time long out of consideration for the French Branntweinproduktion as.

• In the overseas possessions could not be developed processing industry. Even the smallest nail for locking the sugar barrels should originate from the motherland, which arrives to sugars if possible in its raw form ("sucre and not already finished ("sucre or "sucre blanc") to France.

• In response was the French trade for the complete acceptance of the overseas goods and - which weighed many times more heavily - responsible for the supply of the own colonies.

History of the Exclusif up to the end 18. Century

The origin of the Exclusif is in the right to exploitation of the overseas possessions, which was entitled excluding the French west India company, as reconciliation for their contribution because of the appropriation and maintenance of the colonies. Since however soon it showed up that the commercial company was overtaxed with the use of the extensive colonial possession, it was it, which loosened the prohibitive system. 1669 became all French ships - against paying a fee measured at the value of the colonial goods - which traffic with the Antilles islands permits. A condition was however that these started with their return to Europe excluding French ports. At the same time stranger ships were excluded from starting the French transatlantic harbors. After ten-year existence the inadequacies of the commercial company came ever more strongly to light and them were dissolved; the islands and their trade fell under the direct supervision of the French crown. This intensified the Regularien 1675 in such a way that each ship was allowed to run with its return of the colonies only into the same French port, from which it had driven off.

Because of too all times existing smuggling the Exclusif could be however never interspersed fully. The French crown tried to resist several times by the menace of hard punishments (of seizing the ship over prison and high fines up to the Galeerenstrafe) the secret trade, yet the smugglers always found to means and ways - approximately by the transshipment of the goods from ship to ship on high lake -, to go around the system.

A consequence of the Exclusif was again and again the emerging and itself in the meantime aggravating insufficient supply of the overseas possessions with necessary goods such as food or Straight one in wartime-had to be loosened the prohibitive principle: so for instance during the English-French colonial war 1744-1748, when goods, which were bought in other European states, could be brought on French ships on the Antilles islands. The thereby tied trade relations between the Kolonisten and the strange buyers in Europe were to be suppressed after end of war and the however times locking of the westIndian ports only with difficulty again, ever more frequently became on the part of the owners of plan day the call after free trade loud.

In particular as consequence of the too ungunsten of France run colonial war of the years 1755-1763 the Exclusif was loosened after end of war ("Exclusif "), because the insight interspersed itself that the system was not suitable, to be able to supply all to overseas needed goods from the motherland exhausted by the war. Thus the French king released the import of slaughter cattle, stick fish (gesalzener and dried Kabeljau), building timber and other goods as well as the export of syrup and molasses for foreigner, after violent protests the dealer French by the strange imports on the Antilles islands strongly under pressure turned out in August 1763 had he the measure back however already three years later to take. Further loosening followed toward end of the 60's: 1767 was explained the ports on Sainte Lucie and Saint Nicolas on Saint Domingue as free ports, one year later the hard punishments for offences against the Exclusif - in particular the Galeerenstrafe - were waived and released 1769 the trade between Guadeloupe and Martinique. Strengthened complaints of the Kolonisten led to the abolition of the import ban from Rum to France (out of consideration for the Branntweinproduktion France the import was forbidden by alcohol from syrup or molasses) since 1713 under the pretext, Rum was health-endangering.

After the end of of the North American one independent war, in whose process of the Exclusif partly, which had reached smuggling however nevertheless a high point, became finally on 30 August 1784 a number of the most important ports in west India (Saint Pierre on Martinique, Pointe Pitre on Guadeloupe, on Sainte Lucie, Cap haven outer Prince and Les Cayes on Saint Domingue) finally for a reduced trade with strangers approved. From now on the import of certain food, slaughter cattle, wood and other urgently needed goods was permitted, the Exclusif had become generally accepted.

See also

• English navigation document

Literature

• Jean Tarrade: Le commerce colonial de la France la fin de l'ancien l'volution de et l'Exclusif de 1763 1789, 2 Bde., Paris 1972
• Charles Julien: Les EN de 1713 1784, Paris 1977
• C.A. Banbuck: Histoire politique, et sociale de la Martinique sous l'Ancien (1635-1789), Paris 1935

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