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Energy policy (of Greek energeia = activity, effect, Kraft), in the closer sense the state activity, which aims at obligatory regulations of the system of applying, transformation, distribution and use of energy. In the broader sense the whole of the institutional conditions, forces and efforts, which are directed toward it, socially obligatory decisions over the structure and development of the supply to meet distribution and use from energy to.
The energy policy is an sparkling wine-oral structural policy and in particular a component of the economic policy with cross connections particularly to the environmental policy, to the research and development as well as to the technological policy. As in other western countries also by national interferences directly or indirectly affected the energy policy in the Federal Republic of Germany to large extent, but the energy policy of the State of in this country - contrary to France or Italy, where important energy sectors are put under state control - on regulativer policy (by means of requirements and prohibitions), indirect control (e.g. by incentives, promotion measure name, definition of the rules of competition) and procedural control is based. The E becomes increasing. a key topic also for the security politics.
Among the instruments of the energy policy of the Federal Republic of Germany long time ranked - the policy of the competition exclusion deviating far from the guideline of social free-market economy as market regulations instrument, how above all the regulation line-bind power supply (river and gas) clarified: the underlying legal order, which was essentially based up to the year 1998 on the law for the promotion of the energy industry of 1935, made the mechanism of supply areas for the energy-producing enterprises possible and protected these or of excluding contracts competition-limiting by an attached net. This situation changed with the liberalisation of the energy markets starting from 1998 fundamentally. Since then only the enterprise of the transmission and distributed networks is in area monopolies organized, while the generation of current and the selling were opened to the final customers for competition.
The legal regulation of the energy industry in the Federal Republic of Germany belongs to the competitive legislation. Primarily responsibly the federation is and within the Federal Government above all the Federal Ministry for economics as well as in affairs of the research and technology promotion the Federal Ministry for education, research and technology promotion and in questions of nuclear security, the promotion of renewable energies and the climatic protection the Federal Ministry for environment, nature protection and reactor safety.
The European Union Council of Ministers decided to 14. March 2006 a guideline, to that-according to a saving of at least nine per cent of the energy consumption to 2017 to take place is. The final customers are to receive more information for saving from river, gas, fuels and warmth. The guideline leaves large liberties to the member states; so each member state is to create own energy saving programme. Economical techniques and devices are to be distinguished in the future with energy certificates and authorities must increased to energy efficiency pay attention.
The paramount meaning of the energy as Schwungkraft of gainful occupation and the in a complex society is documented also of the relevant statistics of the energy consumption. After per head energy consumption the Federal Republic of Germany ranks the 1990 with 5572 kg of hard coal units (SKE) per head (commercial energy consumption) at place 4 behind the USA, which was appropriate for GDR and the USSR due to its high economic level of development world-wide among the largest energy consumers. If one measures the primary energy consumption in hard coal units, then in the Federal Republic of Germany 1992 with 481 million tons of SKE more than twice as much energy was used like 1960 (1960 211 Mt SKE), of it 409 million in the old Lands of the Federal Republic. From this consumption water power and other sources of energy 2.3% in West Germany (in parentheses data for East Germany) to mineral oil 41.5% (29.2%), to natural gas 18.0% (11.8%), to hard coal 17.6% (4.2%), to nuclear energy 12.4% (1990 2.1%), are allotted to brown coal 8.2% (55.7%) and (- 0.4, negative value by current foreign trade).
Over the global goals of the energy policy - supply security, economy, appropriate price performance ratio, environmental and social compatibility and future precaution - to a large extent consent under the established forces exists in the Federal Republic of Germany, which includes however above all post office-materialistic groupings like the Greens only conditionally. Violently disputed however the means for Zielerreichung and the choice of alternatives are with conflicting aims, like e.g. the conflict of economy and environmental and social compatibility. Of it above all the controversy over the production and use of nuclear power witness since the 70's ("atomic conflict") and the decision blockades in the affair of a load-carrying energy concept extending beyond the turn of the century.
The energy policy in the Federal Republic of Germany and in numerous other western countries is characterised under the prozessualen (Politics) and the decision-contentwise aspect (Policy) by high-grade fragmenting, punctual intervention, addition more without uniformity and often contradictory single efforts and "Durchwursteln". On the other hand the system hereby given proved to gradually made politics policy and politics policy (technical term: Incrementalism) so far as sufficiently efficient, in order to ensure supply security and cause changes of trend, like e.g. the reduction of dependence on the oil in reaction to the oil price shocks of 1973 and 1979. Besides the newer research clarified that the interaction of incremental policy, state arrangement and political innovations due to changes of government the quality of the energy policy in certain fields, as e.g. nuclear power security improved, substantially.
A new challenge for the energy policy lies in the oil promotion maximum, which - because of the present large dependence of the economy on the oil - can lead to solid price increases and even bottlenecks.
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