Duty is from gothical mota (tariff) derived name for tariff (delivery).

The term describes a paying of a fee for the use of buildings, like roads, bridges, and in more recent time of motorways and tunnels. Already in the 11. Century was duty common in completely Europe. It was introduced, because the financing from roads encountered to this time increasingly difficulties. With the payment of a duty the travelers (users) should be taken part in the financing, for whom frequently the adjacents resident were responsible. Other forms of the financing were the Frondienst (everyone must put a certain number of days of manual labor to the state at the disposal) or also taxes for neighbors (e.g. in old Rome). Duty bridges and gates were like, because they were more easily to control to go around (and more badly) and had to be repaired more rarely than roads. Later they were step by step diminished, since they were abused and increasingly the free trade obstructed.

The term duty actually became outdated. An alternative term is road use fee (in contrast e.g. to park fee). Urbane (urban) leave themselves (see city center duty) and interurbane road use fees (motorway fees, if necessary also highways) to differentiate. Beyond that in Germany the partitioning in passenger car duty (for the use of the motorways) and truck duty was in-patriated.

Goals and principles

Potential goals of the road use fees:

• Financing of existing or future road infrastructure and payment of the operating cost (way costs);
• Controlling of the demand for the property "road "with the goal of the pilot reduction and/or its more efficient use (Travel that and management);
• Discharge of the environment (e.g. decrease of CO2 emissions etc.) by a price and thus a reduction of the motorized;
• Generation of additional incomes for the public households;
• Internalisierung of external costs, that are costs, those by the causer to be not completely carried like the social and ecological costs (by noise and air pollution) of traffic as well as the accident subsequent costs (e.g. resources loss costs).
• Production of exact movement profiles for the crime prevention;

Two principles of the duty computation can general be differentiated:

• Entrance-referred fee: The duty payer acquires the right to entrance for the use of certain roads (areas, buildings etc.), without it depends on the actual use. The entrance can be temporally limited (e.g. day, week, month, year). This kind of the duty is raised usually by Vignette and is comparatively simple to raise and control.
• Use-dependent fee: Here the duty-requiring pays dependent on the use actually taken place ggfls. at a Mautstelle. The duty can be spatially defined (put back distance, durchfahrene sections, number (of tunnel) passages) or temporally (fee as a function of the stay in a zone). Beyond that fees e.g. distance-referred can vary temporally (in the rush hour more highly etc.)

The height of a duty can be made dependent on different characteristics of the user and/or its vehicle and/or introduced at all only. Most frequently it depends on the size, length and/or the weight of the vehicle (e.g. duty obligation for passenger car and truck duty), in addition, other dependence (oh number, pollutant class, utilization period and weekday, kind of the transported goods) occurs or is angedacht"Â…

Town center duty

See major item city center duty

A city center duty usually designates the collection of fees for the use of roads in the city for truck and passenger car.

The cities Singapore and Hong Kong apply for calming among traffic planners as "classical" examples of traffic reduction and - by duty collection to the entry into the town center range. In Hong Kong however the introduction failed in the long run because of the resistance of the public. Already in the middle of the 1980er years took over Scandinavian cities this duty (mountains, Trondheim, Oslo). In mountains (Norway) 1985 the entry was coupled into the city center to paying a fee by 25 crowns (approx. 3 euro) at special Mautstellen. While the models in Norway serve v.a. the road financing, municipalities justify the collection of the road use fee increasingly with environmental protection. Raising the price of the individual traffic is incentives for transferred to public means of transport to give.

In February 2003 into London a road use fee (London Congestion load) was introduced, in order to solve the pilot problems in the city center. Each driver, who brings in on workdays between 07.00 o'clock and 18,30 o'clock into the city center, has to pay converted approx. 8 euro (5 Pound). (There are also variants, with which the approach road ways are bemautet into the cities: San Diego, Tokyo).

"Common one" truck road duty in Europe

See major item truck duty, truck duty in Germany

Already to 1 January 1995 took place in the states Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Sweden the introduction of a motorway use fee for truck on the basis of an European Union guideline convention over the collection of fees for the use of certain roads with heavy commercial motor vehicles (so-called Eurovignettensystem). Here it concerns (with exception of Germany) still a time-based Mautsystem in the pre paid procedure. Each duty-requiring in the context of this system must acquire a certificate of fee for the desired period of use before the use. The certificates of fee are alternately recognized in all participating states of the convention.

The European Union transport ministers are however anxious since longer, a new, to establish as uniform a Mautsystem as possible. On 18 December 2003 the European Union parliament left the decisions for the technology of the respective truck Mautsystems to the individual member states. However the systems are to be in the future to each other compatible. But the negotiations are last to 9. March 2004 failed because of Germany and Austria. It is assumed that both countries wanted to implement relatively high design fundamentals for the duty fees.

Starting from 2007 only common charging equipment should be necessary for the Mautsysteme of the European Union countries. Thus the suggestion of the European Union commission was rejected, that wanted to generally prescribe a satellite-based (preferably by means of Galileo) for system starting from 2012. Now the selection is open each member country. The systems must be only compatibly to each other. This decision hangs after newspaper reports with the problems together it beginning during the introduction of a satellite-based truck Mautsystems through madly Collect in Germany had directly given. (faz.net). Since 1 January 2005 the duty collection runs however as far as possible in Germany without problems. (Conditions January 2005)

Mautsysteme in of Europe countries

Mautsysteme gives it in several European states: in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Tschechien, Slowakei, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Turkey, Serbia and Montenegro, the Republic of Macedonia and Greece.

Articles in category "Duty"

We found here 16 articles.