Development theory / Development

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The development theory examines the causes of the smaller economic development in developing countries.

The different theories can be assigned essentially three currents:

The classical imperialism theories to Lenin and Luxembourg assume as exogenous theories the causes of the lower level of development outside of the developing countries, more exactly said in their exploitation by the industrialized countries, to lie.

The endogenous theories against, it represented by liberals and conservative theoreticians, see the causes in the developing countries themselves, e.g. according to the modernization theory in archaischen structures or in the corruption.

The dependency theories particularly represented by scientists from developing countries stress the dependence of the developing countries on the industrialized countries and see the causes lying apparently in the developing countries (like e.g. corruption) as consequences of this dependence.

Imperialism theory

The imperialism theories decrease/go back essentially to Russian in a revolutionary manner Vladimir Illitsch Lenin and the German politician pink Luxembourg. This saw the highest stage of the capitalism in the imperialism, in which the capitalists in the industrialized countries try to obtain by the exploitation of the developing countries higher profits. Pink Luxembourg pointed Lenin to the meaning of unequal commercial conditions (the industrialized countries imported raw materials and food and exported finished goods), examined above all the export of capital into the colonies at that time for the achievement of higher profits by exploitation of the native population-today's trailers of the imperialism theories doubts the independence of the former colonies and sees in the indebtedness of the third world with free trade agreements and commercial conditions a neokoloniales subordinate position.

Modernization theory

Representatives of the modernization theory see the main obstacle for a positive economic development in the alleged backwardness of the third world. The inhabitants of the developing countries are not mobile and rational enough to develop and carry modern structures, as the representatives of a socialpsychological beginning as David Lerner.

In the core of the modernization theory the opinion is located that by a modernization of the social institutions like the right, the political system, training system must being among other things created, the basis for economic growth and thus accompanying welfare. By modernization thereby the process of the transformation is understood from traditional institutions to modern developments, how they are to be found in the western society.

Thus developing countries on the same development path are as the industrial nations, simply evenly not yet so far advanced. A view, which is able to bring in criticism for the modernization theory, since thereby the possibility alternative ways is given to social development to remain blocked and a convergence of the systems as and/or a question of the level of development is represented. Critics on the other side see there against the Western European modernization only than a singular historical development, to which by any means a universal meaning cannot be measured out.

The main component of the development strategy of the modernization theory lies in the Big Push.

Dependency theory

The dependency theories particularly developed in the developing countries often see - similarly as the exogenous theories - the developing countries in one as neokolonial designated dependence on the industrialized countries. This dependence only forces upon the structures, which are called of the representatives of the modernization theory an actual cause of the underdevelopment to the developing countries.

The Dependencia differentiates between states of the center and the periphery. The problems of the developing countries are thereby the results of the relationship between center and periphery and manifest themselves in structural differences like unequal commercial structures (raw materials against finished goods = complementary division of labor), distribution of capital power, indebtedness, the military inferiority and dependence on military assistance as well as on the industrialized countries coined/shaped elite in the developing countries out.

As consequence of this opinion two action options result, in order to improve the situation of a developing country: The change of the structures of the world market or the uncoupling of the world market. The possibility of an upward mobility the structures given by the periphery in the center within, is intended of the dependency theory, what must being e.g. regarded to the tiger states before the background of the empirical cases like as weakness of the dependency theory.

Geodeterminismus

With the Geodeterminismus one assumes simply the unfavorable geographical situation of a country is a cause for its situation. This expresses itself for example in a Binnenlage, which draws high transport costs and special taxes, like transit charges, small surface-moderate size of (island state), an unfavorable climate, which in the form of are enough, periodic (Sahelzone), strongly varying amounts of precipitation, high yearly temperature amplitude and unstable ecological systems to arise can. Further factors are inferior soils, unfavorable surface textures such as altitudes or Hanglagen.

Criticism to the development theories

None of the development theories are sufficient to an assertible explanation. They are often monocausal and consider with their global requirement for validity no locally relevant conditions. The problems of the developing countries are a complex of symptoms, for whose explanation nature-geographical, demographic, sociological, historical, political and religious, i.e. endogenous and exogenous factors must be consulted.