Monopoly price model

K: To costs = costs fix + variable costs

k: To unit cost prices = costs/quantity of x = unit cost prices fix + variable unit cost prices

K': neighbouring costs = upward gradient of the cost function (1. Derivative)

E: Proceeds = price (p) * quantity (x)

E': border proceeds = upward gradient of the proceeds function (1. Derivative)

G*: Profit maximum: Border proceeds = neighbouring costs

Railways: Amount covered = proceeds - variable costs = E - Kvar = (PAF * x) - Kvar = piece amount covered * quantity = railways * x = (PAF - variable unit cost prices) * quantity

railways: Piece amount covered = price p - variable unit cost prices kvar

Economic welfare

Welfare = producer pension + Konsumentenrente

Securities

CAPM

After one now the central statement of the CAPM results following mathematical optimum regulation:

\ mu_i=r_f+ (\ mu_m-r_f) \ cdot \ beta_i

Nominal rate of exchange

Rate of exchange in Preisnotierung: e_P = \ frac {units \, domestic \, currency} {units \, more foreign \, currency} e.g. [euro/dollar]. Rate of exchange in quantity rate: e_M = \ frac {units \, more foreign \, currency} {units \, domestic \, currency} e.g. [dollar/euro].

Material effective rate of exchange

(English material Effective Exchange rate, "REER ")

Computation with inclusion of n countries and a price index

REER_j = e * \ frac {\ sum_ {i=1} ^n w_i \ cdot p_i} {p_j}, with \ sum_ {i=1} ^n w_i = 1

e: nominal rate of exchange of the country jw_i: Weighting of the countries in: Number of regarded Price index of the regarded country jp_i: to the comparison used price indices of the countries with index i=1,2,3,"…, n

Material effective rate of exchange on basis of foreign trade prices

(Material Effective Exchange Rate= REER) computation with inclusion of n countries and price indices for imported goods and exports

REER_j = e * \ frac {\ sum_ {i=1} ^n [w_i \ cdot (m_i \ cdot pm_i) + (x_i \ cdot px_i)]} {p_j}, with x_i + m_i = 1 and \ sum_ {i=1} ^n w_i = 1.

e: nominal rate of exchange of the country jw_i: Weighting of the countries in: Number of regarded Price index of the imported goods of regarded country the i with index i=1,2,3,"…, npx_i: Price index of the imported goods of regarded country the i with index i=1,2,3,"…, nm_i: Weighting of the Importex_i: Weighting of the Exportep_j: Price index of the regarded country j

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