Understood by the term slave trade and/or criminal slave trade (in Austria transnational prostitution trade) originally the trade with women (male victims are extremely rare for the purpose of of the sexual exploitation), who the prostitution were supplied. In the last years the term was more and more expanded and enclosure today all actions, by which humans of any sex or age are forced into an exploitation relationship, whereby their right of self-determination is hurt. Among them all forms of the sexual exploitation (e.g. obligation prostitution) fall, in addition, the exploitation of the worker or the withdrawal of organs. In particular the slave trade with the goal of the prostitution is called gladly also woman trade.

This exploitation effected usually under substantial use of force and is extreme for the victims loading. Many are traumatisiert their life long of the experiences or glide into the drug craze.

Against the victims in this context heaviest criminal offences are committed against the sexual self-determination, against the personal liberty and against the physical soundness. As Nebenstraftaten usually tax evasions and offences against the work, foreigner, and are social security right present.

Forms of slave trade

Slave trade for the purpose of the sexual exploitation

Among them fall apart from the obligation prostitution also the trade with humans for the production of pornographischen material. Victims are mainly women and children. See in addition also woman trade and Kinderhandel.Die of criminal offence existence, author and victim structure in this context are more near classified in the article obligation prostitution.

Slave trade for the purpose of the exploitation of the worker

May not be confounded with normal workers' migration (also illegal moonlighting). Slave trade applies in particular if the foreign employee under evasion of the obligations pertaining to labour law is purposefully exploited. For this count for example the switching of Hausangestellten to private households, which are not pertaining to labour law controlled and where at slavery bordering conditions of work to partly prevail. Here straight employees are also frequently sexually exploited womanlike.

Within this range become cases speaks of no payment, meal withdrawal admits of psychological abusing, missing spare time, isolation, bodily injury, sexual force, liberty withdrawal to the punishment.

Slave trade for the purpose of the organ withdrawal

This relatively recent range of the slave trade developed due to the high demand for human organ donations in industrialized countries. "Living person donations" of organs are purchased in third world countries with a payment to the donor and offered in industrialized countries on the black market. Since the phenomenon is relatively young, there is so far no clear demarcation between illegal and legal organ trade. There are also trustworthy numbers over the extent of the organ trade so far none.

Causes

With the causes of the criminal slave trade between Pull and Push factors one differentiates. Among the Push factors in particular poverty, unemployment, bad or existing education and sex specific discrimination of the victims in the countries of origin are not ranked. As Pull factors in the a high demand for cheap Sexarbeiterinnen and "exotic women" are considered as well as for unskilled workers and living person organ donations.

Extent and development

Criminal slave trade is world-wide operated. The "procurement markets" lie in the third world, in developing countries and since the case of the wall in the former Eastern Bloc. are all countries of the first world in such a way specified. With the increasing globalization also the business with humans rises.

The international organization for migration (IMO) estimates that against 500 ' 000 women and children out of central and Eastern Europe to Western Europe are acted annually. Other estimations speak of 120 ' 000 to 200 ' 000.

Victim

Origin

Problem

Victim protection and testimonies

Author

Origin

Motivation

Legal bases on international level

Slave trade is a violation of human rights of first degree. Beside article 4 of the general declaration of the human rights of the UN (slavery articles - nobody may be held in slavery or body characteristic; Slavery and slave trade in all their forms are forbidden.) thereby many further fundamental rights of the victims are hurt.

UN: ZP slave trade

In the supplementary protocol for UN convention against the transnational organized criminality ("ZP slave trade") the Vorbeugung, suppression and punishment of the trade with humans are treated. As criminal slave trade the trade with humans for the purpose of the prostitution as well as other forms of sexual exploitation are called such as production of pornographischen material. In addition come the exploitation of the worker (defines as: Injury of pertaining to labour law concerning standards the conditions of work, the and the health and security on the job) and the withdrawal of human organs. Condition, so that criminal slave trade is present, is a repetitive and continuous injury of the fundamental rights of the person concerned (EN). For this reason the international marriage switching and the adoption switching do not fall under this legislation.

The ZP slave trade covers humans as commodity and covers in particular the activity as a mediator (trade). The illegal migration however is punished under people smuggling and represents in this sense no slave trade. The act actions specified by the ZP slave trade explicitly are the recruitment, transport, Beherbegung and receipt of persons. Act means are menace or use of force, various forms of the compulsion (e.g. kidnapping), bad-cunning deception, fraud, abuse of power, influence or arguments, utilization of a subordinate position and/or bribery of the force owner.

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Euro

Info. under: http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/de/aussenpolitik/friedenspolitik/osze/basis_html

European union

• European human right convention
• Suggestion from 21 December 2000 for a framework resolution of the advice on the fight of the slave trade, KOM (2000) 854 final. /2, ABl. C 62 E from 27 February 2001, 321, ();
• Recommendation R (2000) 11 of the Minister committee of the Council of Europe over the fight of the slave trade for the purpose of the sexual exploitation.
• Verabschiedung of the framework resolution by the advice of the European Union law and the Ministers of the Interior to 27. /28. September 2001, after the divergences were eliminated over the adjustment of a uniform minimum maximum penalty (8 years with less favourable circumstances), and is to have stepped until 2003 into force.

Literature

• Inge Bell (et al.): "Stop the woman trade! Focus Eastern Europe". Munich: Atwerb Verl., 2004 98 S.
• European commission: "Woman trade with the goal of the sexual exploitation: Report of the commission to the advice and the European parliament". Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European communities, 1996 ISBN 92-78-11758-7
• Ilse spring/Heidi Thiemann: "International woman trade: an investigation on prostitution and marriage trade in North Rhine-Westphalia and the intervention possibilities of institutions and groups of women". Duesseldorf: Ministry for D. Equalization of woman and man D. Country North Rhine-Westphalia, 1993 135 S.
• Agisra (Hrsg.) "woman Mrs. and prostitution tourism: a stocktaking to prostitution tourism, marriage switching and slave trade with foreign girls and women; Appendix: Right expert's assessment for situation in the FRG". Munich: Trickster, 1990 381 S. ISBN 3-923804-41-5
• project group woman trade: "Woman trade in Germany". Bonn: Dietz, 1989 351 S. ISBN 3-8012-3030-9
• Angelika Kartusch: "International ones and European measures against the woman and slave trade - review and view". http://web.fu-berlin.de/gpo/angelika_kartusch.htm (12.04.2006)

Articles in category "Criminal slave trade"

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