In June 1858 the closed contract of Tianjin (chin. terminated the first phase 2. Opiumskriegs. Contracting Parties were China on the one hand and foreign powers England, France, Russia and the USA on the other hand.

Original contents

It engaged China in particular to a further opening of the realm for the trade with foreign powers, in particular England. While it was completed so far exclusively over the ports in Fuzhou, canton, Ningbo, Shanghai and Xiamen (Amoy), in the future those should be allowed to be used in Dengzhou, Hankou, Jiujiang, Kaohsiung, Kiungchow, Nanking, Niuchuang, Shantou, Tanshui and Zhenjiang. For the purpose of the hunt for Piraten the Englishmen should be allowed to run even into each Chinese port. Unrestricted liberality in the periphery should be granted to foreigners by 50 kilometers of the treaty ports, with possession of a passport even in the entire realm. The import of Opium, in the relationship between the two states since decades a stone of the impact and reason for two wars, was expressly permitted and subjected only to a sales restriction on the dockland and an import duty by 30 Tael per Piku (=60 kg). In all other respects the should be allotted to mass to imported goods up to a lump sum of 2,5%, insert besides into the ports and customs stations British standard weights and -. Official traffic language should become the English. Finally discriminating against names for the Englishmen ("yi "= bar-cash) should not become related any longer in Chinese documents. Besides China committed itself to the payment of one "war remuneration "from altogether 6 millions Liang at England and France, to the admission of diplomatic relations with England as well as to the permission of unrestricted mission activity by the Christian churches.

As only return the retreat of the Englishmen from the city Tianjin and the evacuation of the Trade Union of German Employees UFO RTS was intended.

Extension by "the Pekinger convention "

China refused in the connection converting the contract. Thereupon the British opened in June 1859 with a renewed attack on the Trade Union of German Employees UFO RTS the second phase 2. Opiumkriegs. Only after "the punitive expedition "in the year 1860, in whose course an invasion army under guidance lord Elgins put the old person summer palace among other things in debris and ash, prince Gong in agency of the emperor Xianfeng fled into Manchuria confirmed the conditions as per contract.

Supplemented in the so-called "Pekinger convention "from 18 October 1860 it even still around further points, in particular the opening of the port of Tianjin themselves, further reparations as well as cessions of territory at England and Russia.

Revision 1868

According to a clause in the treaty system of 1858 ten years later a revision of the contract was tackled by Tianjin, with which some regulations of the original treaty system should be developed "defused "and the bilateral contacts between both states on peaceful basis. However in the long run no majority found the compromise paper negotiated laboriously between the Qing official Wenxiang and the British negotiator Rutherford Alcock in the British House of Commons.

See also

• Unequal contracts

Literature

• Jacques Gernet, the Chinese world, Frankfurt 1997, ISBN 3-518-38005-2
• Jonathan D. Spence, of China way into the modern trend, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-446-16284-4

Articles in category "Contract of Tianjin"

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