Bus (v. lat. bus = "for all"; over frz.: voiture bus = "vehicle for all") as bus or in Germany officially as force bus (KOM) marks also briefly. In Austria and in Switzerland he is usually called motorbus.

To this group of vehicles large road vehicles, which serve the transport of numerous persons, belong e.g. in the public local passenger traffic.

Before invention of the autoengine a bus marked a relative to large Kutsche the transportation of passengers. The designation "bus" should be lively by the advertisement signature "Omnes bus" of a French buyer named Omnes. The owner of cart Baudry became thereby 1825 the appropriate designation of his vehicles lively.

Technology

The drive takes place today usually via a Diesel or a gas engine; with electric drive by overhead line one speaks a variant of a O bus or a trolley bus, is the duo bus. Hydrogen drive by gas cells is at present world-wide tested. Already in former times alternative propulsion principles tested like hybrid or pure battery electrical work, among other things also with power supply out flywheel memory (Gyrobus).

Penalty have today nearly without exception a tail engine and a rear-axle drive. The engine is thereby usually lying and lower floor panel arranged. With Niederflurbussen engines also standing occur; in each case the engine always more or less rises up into the tail range and demands there another cabin layout with them.

General penalty is compared with truck of similar size substantially more easily, so that with touring buses frequently simple six-gearboxes are sufficient, usually with a form of strength-supported circuit and/or automatic clutch. With city penalties in the meantime constantly automatic transmissions with torque converter are used, since the mechanism without traction power interruption offers a somewhat better travelling comfort for the standing passengers.

A maximum speed of 80 km/h to penalty in Germany, which either by mechanical or electrical, applies throttling (bspw. a Abregelautomaten or a screw under the Fahrpedal) is limited, it can however for special permissions for cross-country vehicles (S. legal in Germany) be given.

With the structure of the body there are two concepts:

• The classical truck building method consists of a side member, which carries again propelling rank with engine, wheels and brake assembly. Whereupon the structure with the passenger compartment sits.

• Small penalty and some manufacturers of touring buses set on self-supporting bodies as in the building of passenger cars. To the offerers of large penalties e.g. belongs. EvoBus with the set RA series.

The chassis of touring buses possesses an independent suspension at the front axle frequently. The rear axle is usually rigid. Regular buses possess rigid front and rear axles.

There are efforts to combine the advantages of penalties (little infrastructure) and the advantages of streetcars (comfort, capacity). This is mainly in France, where numerous different systems between the definition bus and streetcar drive. In the meantime there is this also in Germany.

Designs

• Regular buses
  • Niederflurbusse for city bus or regional bus lines
  • Standard penalty for cross-country bus lines
  • Midibusse for less frequented city, regional and/or local bus lines or cultivated boroughs too closely
  • Minibuses for the suburban traffic in thinly settled or rural areas (possibly according to need with call penalties)
  • Obstruction penalty
  • Gelenkbusse and double joint penalty for large numbers of persons in the city and regional regular transport service
  • Bus trailer
  • Double-decker penalty for the city regular transport service
  • Comfort and capacity-increasing Road Trains/car Trams

• Touring buses (partially with Schlafkabine)
  • Standard touring buses without toilet for renting bus travels
  • Minibuses for small groups and kindergarten travels
  • Comfort bus for group journeys and program travels
  • Luxury penalty with large seat distances and luxury equipment, like e.g. Reclining seats, bar range etc. (Bistrobusse)

• Combination penalty for cross-country regular transport services and renting bus travels

City penalty are generally with a smaller number and less more comfortable seats equipped, but with numerous support rods for standing passengers as well as with general-purpose areas (for luggage, buggy and wheelchairs). For lines with large passenger arising double stick penalty or Gelenkbusse is used. of joint vehicles are extremely RSR. A well-known type is the Neoplan Jumbocruiser. Double joint penalty have as the first in Aachen their firm line-operate taken up.

All joint vehicles, generally three axles have larger penalty, under it. With rigid vehicles thereby simply the rear axle is doubled, with joint vehicles lies the axle center before the joint. The rear axle and often also the joint participate in the steering element.

A special design represent the apron penalty used on airports, which offer with only few seats predominantly. Since these do not move on public roads, they are not also subject the StVZO, whereby it is possible to build these longer and more broadly than conventional penalty.

Historical designs

Into the 1930er years were double train buses usually, e.g. type SS and type DS. Today double train buses are used as Cuban self-development in the capital Havanna as public suburban traffic means. Because of their design with lowered entrance range in the center of the Auflegers they are called Camello (dt. camel). In the beginnings of the bus technology the vehicles with front engine were built as Langschnauzer (e.g. Mercedes Benz O 3500 from the 1950er years, 6 cylinders engine with 90PS) and there were also open vehicles. built Einheinhalbdecker into the 1960er year.

Into the 1950er years were in Germany isolates rail road buses usually, which could operate as two-way vehicles both on the road and on rail distances.

History

1827 were invented the steam bus in England.

The first regular transport service with a fuel-claimant bus found to 18. March 1895 between victories and Netphen instead of and was accomplished by the Netphener bus company. For the enterprise of the line a vehicle with the name "Landauer" was used, which had actually more similarity with the Kutsche of the same name than with a modern bus. This first bus of the world was built starting from 1895, thus still another one year before the first truck, in manual work in the family business of the automobile pioneer Carl Benz and had eight seats and an engine with 5 HP. Its average speed amounted to 15 km/h, so that it mastered the distance between victories and Netphen in one hour and 20 minutes. The travel cost at that time the sum of 70 Pfennig, high for conditions. Due to the small maximum stress of the first Benz penalty the bus enterprise had to be stopped in the winner country however still before the expiration of the yearly already again. Despite this setback, by constant improvement of the vehicle technology, in the subsequent years world-wide always new line connections developed.

Into the 1960ern a standardization of the bus types began by the federation of public transporting enterprises in Germany, which developed prototypes for standard regular buses, which were then adapted by several manufacturers in co-operation with some transporting enterprises.

penalty

(Major item bus)

The first prototype, when I designates, led Daimler Benz O 305, MAN SL 200, Magirus Deutz SH 140, Ikarus 190 and the 110SL starting from 1968 to production for example.

The ii-bus, as successors of the I, had a lower vehicle floor and thus a lower entrance height as a goal of the development. From between 1976 and 1978 tested prototypes S 80 for example the Neoplan N416, Mercedes Benz O 405 and the MAN SL 202 developed.

From the II a Niederflur bus was developed, that the basis for for example the Neoplan N4014NF, which Mercedes Benz O 405 N or the MAN NL 202 formed. Gladly this bus is called III, but an official iii-guideline never gave it.

Track-bound bus

In the last years the concept of a trace-led bus was again taken up. This bus is held by guidance mechanisms on its trace. The developments for example the French CiVis, the Twisto in Caen or the of the institute for Fraunhofer are a mixture of vehicles, which outwardly the streetcars resemble, but can be driven on rubber tires and be led automatically by means of different systems on a given trace.

Kinds of traffic

There are different forms of the bus traffic, whose requirements determine the design of the vehicle:

• Public local passenger traffic
  • City penalty, high-speed penalty in the city e.g. Town center express penalty
  • Cross-country regular buses (cross-country bus, regional bus, express bus)
  • Local penalty
  • Pupil and kindergarten-operate
  • Rush hours, work penalty
  • Tourism lines, city tour lines

• Remote regular transport service (remote bus lines)

• Traveloperate (for example Rotel)
  • Renting bus traffics
  • Group journeys
  • Program travels

Articles in category "Bus"

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