The bone (Latin-anatomically the OS, Plural Ossa, Greek-clinical-pathologically usually Ost~, Oste~ or Osteo~, of - the bone) or the bone fabric (also the leg from old Germanic word root, compares breastbone, leg house etc. and English bone) marks a particularly hard, skeleton screen end supporting fabric of the vertebrate animals. The human skeleton consists of 208 to 214 bones. The number varies from person to person, since differently many small bones can be in foot and spinal column present.

All animals with a spinal column support their body from the inside by a skeleton, which is formed from a multiplicity of bones. The individual bones look completely different depending upon situation and function.

At the same time the bones protect internal organs, as the head bones the brain and the thorax heart and Lungen.Ausserdem e.g. form in the red marrow the red blood corpuscles, the blood panels and the white blood corpuscles.

The size varies between only some millimeters large auditory ossicles of some small mammals up to the meter-long leg and rib bones of the dinosaurs.

Kinds of bone

The Osteologie as subrange of anatomy differentiates between different kinds of bone:

• Ossa longa (long bones): Among the long bones or tube bones e.g. rank. Upper arm bone (Humerus), inch and spoke, thigh bone (Femur) and seeming and Wadenbein. The long bones consist of two bone ends (epiphyses) and a bone shank (Diaphyse).
• Ossa plana (plate bone): Plate bone are basins (Ossa coxae e.g. at the head as well as ribs (Costae), Schulterblatt (Scapula), breastbone (Sternum),)
• Ossa brevia (short bones): For this the ungeformten bones count, e.g. the Handwurzelknochen
• Ossa sesamoidea (Sesambeine): For this small roundish bones count those to arise can, variable e.g. the kneecap (Patella)
• Ossa pneumatica (air-filled bones): contained with mucous membranes filled out cavities, e.g. at the head the Stirnbein (OS frontal)
• Ossa irregularia (irregular bones): They cannot the eddies (Vertebrae) of the spinal column be assigned the other bone types, e.g. or the mandible (Mandibula).

To the individual bones see the overview article skeleton.

Fine's building of the bones

The bone cells (Osteozyten) are by cell extensions among themselves connected and into the basic substance embedded. Its own blood vessel system supplies the bone cells with nutrients and oxygen. Osteoklasten take over the dismantling of the bone fabric, by bone education cells Osteoblasten it are again again developed. It is hardened by storage of approx.-ions.

The bone will surround by a Bindegewebshaut, the Periost (bone skin), which fits to the bone closely. The actual bone substance becomes into the outside Substantia compacta (also Substantia corticalis, Korikalis) and the internal Substantia spongiosa (Spongiosa), a spongelike stand work of fine subdivided. On the inside a Mark cave (Cavum medullare) is trained with long bones. In the Mark cave and in the gaps of the Spongiosa the marrow (Medulla ossium) is, that in the course of the life gradually by yellow fat Mark is replaced and only in few bones remains preserved (ribs, breastbone, eddy body, hand and fusswurzelknochen, plate head bone and basin).

Bone growth

So far the medical profession assumed that it concerns with bone growth a process, which takes place evenly over day and night distributed - schubweise on some days more and to other less. This does not seem to be correct however after the results of the investigations of American researchers of the university in Madison. After their realizations bones grow mainly at night, if no pressure rests on them. Under load like it when standing or with movements, hardly grows bone arises against it. Probably the pressure, which rests in standing on the cartilage layers of the bones, restrains growth. The fact that growth pain arises mainly at night, could be a further note for the nocturnal growth of young bones; from growth pain for instance a third of all children suffers between three and twelve years (publication in the specialized magazine journal OF Pediatric Orthopaedics, expenditure. 24, No. 6, P. 726, 2005; see also: wissenschaft.de - night-active species: Bone).

Fracture

If a bone breaks by external influence or for lack of bone mass, one speaks of a german type.

See also

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva, bone of humans, Ossifikation, Osteoporose, bird skeleton, vertebrate animals

Literature

• Dieter rock mountain: Structure and function of the bone. Pharmacy in our time 30 (6), P. 488 - 493 (2001), ISSN 0048-3664

Related links

• www.osteoporose.de - scientific information to "bones" and "bone decrease"
• Osteoporose: Metabolism of the bones
• The life of the skeleton
• Outstanding one American side over bones
• http://www.wissenschaft.de/wissen/news/249599.html">www.wissenschaft.de: Second life for dead bones - after a Transplantation the died material is again again supplied with blood owing to genetic engineering (28 February 2005)
• www.wissenschaft.de: New weapon in the fight against Osteoporose discovers - scientists identify receptor, over which the structure of bone is regulated

Articles in category "Bone"

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