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Organize is arbeitsteiliges keep house. For efficient arrangement therefore an ideal organization form is necessary. Possible organization forms are the market mechanisms - the market (supply and demand) as well as the bureaucracy (arrangement, control and sanction).
While the market argues with the given needs and existing resources, and thus also due to the price mechanisms for the market express takers involved the ideal result developed, sets the bureaucracy as organization form on a rapid and compelling conversion of the arrangements, without consideration of further circumstances. An example is to represent this briefly:
Market: The shoe manufacturer considers itself which shoes of the buyers to need could and which desires he regarding the processing of these has. The buyer selects the shoe most suitable for him under the multiplicity of the existing shoe offers with the different shoe manufacturers. The offer of same or similar shoes, as well as the demand for these shoes will specify the price.
Bureaucracy: an instance plans the inquired number and the different executions of these shoes. Production is passed on by arrangement of the defaults to the shoe manufacturer. It has has in accordance with the defaults bspw. 50 leather shoes, model x, to produce at the price from in each case 50 EURO to. Deviations from the production defaults are not possible, but permits only by arrangement the upper instance.
Everyone this organization form possession individual pro and cons and is dependent on it in which restaurant economics this is also used. The market orients itself at external influences, is very flexible and innovative. The bureaucracy functions fast (!!!) and precisely in accordance with the instructions. Improvements are not directly convertible, but must be again approved and arranged by the highest instance. Large-scale enterprises function only bureaucratically organized.
The colloquial understandings of the bureaucracy ("office rule"), specified down, point to the made experiences in bureaucratically organized units (tax offices etc.). And probably result from the flexibility lacking of these bureaucratically organized offices.
The bureaucracy dismantling discussed at present in the policy or the refers not to the purely colloquial understanding of the bureaucracy ("Beamtenmuff" but to a more efficient organization and organization of arbeitsteiliger units. It remains marking that the dismantling of the bureaucracy, a dismantling of the organization form is to be equated. Arbeitsteiliges managing without organization form means chaos!!! Dismantling of bureaucracy is only possible if a replacing organization form is at the same time used!!!
Bureaucracy (frz. bureaucratie) leads itself since that 17. /18 century of office (v. frz. office = work, office room) off. Its origin is afrofrz. bure or burel. Bure was a rough Wollstoff for referring desks. Bureaucracy is together set a technical term, from office (s.o.) and Greek kratia = rule. It therefore means "office rule".
Colloquially the expression "bureaucracy" calls one often exaggerated felt regulation will, which places the observance of administrative rules before its use for the citizens and applicants. With the technical term "bureaucracy" is criticized a bureaucratically covered action orientation, which places given regulations over humans, it to a large extent as thing treated and funktionalisiert.
The sociologist max of webers called and analyzed it the "rational" form of the "legal rule", also for enterprises. Ideal type of the bureaucracy with it the authority with vocational administrative staff is called. The authentication of the bureaucratic (legal) rule lies in the rational authority of the superior, not in its traditionalen authority (as e.g. with hereditary offices in a monarchy). Its third type, the "charismatische rule", has by definition no administration. All three rule forms are however forms of legitimate power.
Contrary to the traditional and charismatischen rule the bureaucracy prevents preference or disadvantage of particulars in the form of arbitrary decisions, because itself all by the same and rationally justified rules, and/or laws (a set order) must hold. The bureaucracy term of weber is thus more positive.
In the strict sense is thus after weber an administration working after e.g. purely political considerations of expediency (for instance the "cadre administration" in the former Soviet system) no "bureaucracy".
See also: Administrative authority
In a constitutional state the administration may become active only due to a law (law reservation and the priority of the law). Act without legal basis is illegal. This means on the one hand that the borders are relatively rigid. Since the variety at possible conditions cannot be illustrated in a law completely, this leads to the fact that these make contrary-run and the system rigid for their actual purpose in many cases.
In order to manufacture as high a individual case justice as possible nevertheless, often are many exceptions and special rules. By the internal-organizational integration of (a the subject of the organization sociology) to as exact an adjustment as possible this process is institutionalized and perhaps for the self purpose.
This had a "rampantly growing system" developed in many places from laws, regulations, regulations and instructions, which leads to the fact that in many bureaucratically organized systems the expenditure became higher at costs and time for administration than the expenditure for the organizational aim.
Since many citizens do not have the necessary knowledge, the individual case justice desired leads to a new unfairness between those, in the system to be been versed and those, which do not do this (as example the tax legislation is mentioned).
In the legislative procedure beyond that often tactical considerations play a role. As consequence from it develops law, which is often make-certain. Since the administrative acting may take place however only on legal basis, it is just as senseless and make-certainly therefore as the come laws.
That contradicts the understanding of modern democracy, in which all power is to proceed from the citizen, who the state should serve as rationally conceived tools. In addition, it contradicts the necessity for rational costing and efficiency control, which business enterprises should set capable of maintaining ground with services and products in the market competition.
One can specify at the beginning of the reforms of the national administration with difficulty. A first reform - at that time not yet bureaucratically mentioned - found to at the beginning 19. Century under stone and hard mountain instead of. The special efficiency of the administration coming out from it led to a broad assumption in many states.
Fundamental changes in the administration were only starting from the center 20. To observe century. In the course of a social research ever more developed one believed to be able to plan by a multiplicity of regulations national acting. The "planning euphoria in such a way specified" followed in and the 70's 60's. It led to strong swelling of the administration and regulations. Only in the 80's one began to against-steer, reforms handing far however in Germany was not interspersed.
In England and the USA however a reform movement began itself to develop toward end of the 70's, which admits partially also as Neoliberalismus is. Under Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan was partially converted the concept of the slim state. The state will become here limited its tasks and many parts of earlier national achievements denationalized with the intention that in place of the state the market takes over the adjustment of the society.
In Germany newer reform movements began into the 90ern. Apart from a multiplicity of privatisations - usually initiated by the European union - management began itself to develop the new control model on basis of the new Public. Herein unite a multiplicity of reform ideas such as administrations as Dienstleister to regard to regard bureaucratic procedures as products a new record keeping exactly the same as privatisation of mechanisms, which can be carried by private hand.
Since end of the 90's besides the e-Government is ever more strongly discussed. With the help of the Internets and electronic data processing above all the expenditure is to be reduced by bureaucratic adjustment for enterprises and citizens. Parallel to it also eDemocracy a ever stronger role takes, in order to more deeply involve citizens in legislative procedures. Here a fundamental problem of the legislation and thus the bureaucracy is actually to be solved. By lobbying individual groups of interests could implement regulations and laws, which had positive effects for a majority of the concerning unfavorably, for the small group of the lobby workers (e.g. the economy, in addition, individual parts of the administration) however. The mass at unnecessary regulations is led back frequently on that. By a broader integration of the concerning one expects here more meaningful regulations.
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