Amber (centraldown German "Brennstein ") designates a clear to obscure yellow gem stone from fossil resin, made of which also a wood lacquer is manufactured. The Dominican amber can be even greenish to bluish colored by chemical inclusions - this rare is extremely desired and expensive.

Amber is old up to 260 million year. From the viscous resin of at that time living trees a solid substance became in the course of the time. Therefore thus Berne is not mineral "stone "and ranks strictly taken also not among the jewels.

Amber belongs to the oldest gem stones. Some old-Egyptian objects are old over 6,000 years. The probably most famous art object made of amber was the amber room, which disappeared since the Second World War. In the years 1979-2003 Russian specialists in the Katharinenpalast have with Puschkin since that time for the public again accessible amber rooms with original Baltic amber detail-faithfully reconstructed, after up to then unknown photographies had been found, this singular project only made possible.

For the science, in particular for the paleontology, amber with inclusions, Inklusen so mentioned, of interest is. These inclusions are fossils of small animals or plant parts, which were perfectly conserved in the amber over millions of years.

Etymologie

The German designation amber is derived from the centraldown-German (burn) and/or and is to remarkable combustibilities this "stone "to be due.

In the antique one it also as Lyncirium (Luchsstein) designated, since one assumed, it would have developed from the urine of the Luchses, which would have become hard during strong sun exposure. The Greek name of the amber is electron and the Roman name is electrum. Since amber can be electrostatically loaded, early attempts were accomplished to the electricity with amber. Amber became therefore the name giver for the elementary particle electron and the electricity. The Romans called the amber succinum ("juice ") in the correct assumption, it from tree juice developed. The Germanic designation of the amber read after Tacitus, '' Germania '' 45, glaes (over) (glass). Another name for amber reads "yellow Ambra ".

Amber variants

General distinctions

When one designates raw amber amber, which carries still its decomposition crust and not polished, one polished or one changed in another way artificially. Nature amber is against it a polished and polished amber, whose structure and color were not artificially changed however. It is thus an unchanged natural product.

Press amber is offered in the trade as "genuine amber ", "genuine amber "or "Ambroid ". Thus however not the amber naturally developed is meant, but a product, which was manufactured from sharpening remainders and small pieces in an autoclave. Press amber is manufactured, as cleaned is warmed up and pressed together then under strong pressure. This happens under Luftabschluss and at a temperature of 200-250 "°C. Afterwards developed in such a way is solidified bar or arc-shaped mass at up to 3000 bar pressure. By variations in heat and pressure not only different colours, but also clear and cloudy press Berne stones can be manufactured. Apart from these three kinds of amber in the trade also "genuine amber is offered specially ", a press amber, which is visually hardly to be differentiated due to its irregular Blitzer and its small and fine-linked streak distribution from the nature amber to. It can be determined only by gemmologische research methods clearly.

Kopale reshuffled rigid resins, which are together-washed in the Deltas of tropical rivers, are not yet complete e.g. in Africa to amber. They are old and contained quite also at the most some ten thousands by years inclusions. They begin to become sticky with warmth. If they come with Ether into contact, its surfaces become softly, sticky and smudgy within short time. The moistened places pour up.

Variants of the raw amber

The amber developed, as the resin flowed, dried up and confirmed out of trees after previous injury of the bark. There is well-known different river forms, whose emergence depended on the place and on the degree of the liquid of the resin.

This is an overview:

• Schlauben developed, when resin schubweise withdrew and covered the previous resin deposits. They are more rarely milchig often full contamination, and save most inclusions.
• Taps developed from resin drops, which solidified before falling down at the own drop thread. Renewed resin rivers can lead to thicker resin Stalaktiten. They often contain inclusions. Typically one is flattened roundish bead form.
• Bone one calls amber places, which includes so many microscopically small blisters that she looks cream white. It does not contain recognizable Inklusen.
• Hybrid is called frequent amber places, which is in such a manner clouded by countless blisters that she works obscurely and milchig. The colors mostly lie between yellowish-white and ocher-yellow. This sort contains rarely inclusions.
• Flomen designates an actually clear amber, which is clearly clouded by many medium sized blisters. With suitable view possibility one finds occasionally inclusions.

Articles in category "Amber"

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