And close A SHANk (in former times and pact or group of and, splinter Comunidad Andina de Naciones, CAN) consists of the member states Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. It has the economic and social integration of these countries as a goal. The process of integration began 1969 with the signing of the agreement of Cartagena (and pact) and covered first Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru. Venezuela followed 1973, Chile withdrew 1976 from and pact. The agreement of Cartagena was modified gradually and extended and culminated in June 1997 in the establishment and close A SHANk. With this integration system the States of Mexico, Panama and Chile, as well as the member states of the Mercosur are associated since 7 July 2005. Venezuela withdrew on 22 April 2006.

Goals

The regional agenda and close A SHANk is essentially specified by the presidents of and countries with its summits. The priorities and their sequence change depending upon the regular changing presidency.

And president advice

And president advice is highest and also line organ of CAN. It consists of the state and heads of the government of the member states, which meet usually once in the year in that state, which holds the presidency. In its conferences likewise the presidents of those states participate, to which due to association agreements an observer status was granted. And president advice specifies the general political aims for the process of integration and gives the necessary impulses within ranges, which are from common interest. Addressed thereby however not only the vergemeinschafteten subjects, but also the ranges of intergouvernementaler co-operation are, as for instance the common foreign policy of CAN. The moreover one it provides for coordinated co-operation between the organizations and institutions of the integration system for reaching of the common goals. Also the evaluation of the development and results of the process of integration are incumbent on it. Before the background of the new, world-open adjustment of the process of integration and president advice must be concerned with the political questions of the external relations of CAN. He notices its steering element function by the fact that he takes position to the reports, initiatives and recommendations of the organs and institutions ("Pronunciamientos ") and to it issues guidelines ("Directrices "), so that its political aims are converted.

Political goals

Principal purpose of the political agenda is the definition of a common foreign policy. On this concept the countries informed themselves 1998. On national as also on international level CAN strives around an approximation of the positions of the individual countries, in order to accept common points of view.

An important role plays also police and justizielle co-operation for the fight of the organized criminality. A common point of view within the range of the drug fight led already to the acceptance of the andinen co-operation plan to the fight of illegal drugs and the associated criminal offences (2001).

Economic goals

To at the end of 2005 the goal of a domestic market should be reached. A goal is the introduction of a common external tariff, which is present so far only in beginnings, the creation of a common agricultural policy, the adjustment of certain legislation (competition, investment protection, double taxation), those harmonization of certain data as the statistics as well as the observance certainly convergence criterion with the macro-economic Politiken (similar stability and growth pact in the European Union). The goods, but also the persons are not only to be able to operate freely.

Even if from the agreement of Cartagena not expressly mentions, goes out of into kind the 51 lit. D planned harmonization of the change, currency, financial and Steuerpolitiken of and states indirectly out that CAN likewise aims at the establishment of an economic and a monetary union on a long-term basis. The economic and monetary union as the most perfect integration form one regards, since it implies quasi the gradual fusion of the member-national national economies. At an economic and a monetary union the member states operate additionally a uniform economic policy, particularly within the ranges financial and monetary policy, and have a uniform currency.

Which concerns the external relations, then numerous international commercial negotiations are located in the appointment calendar of the agenda. The region speaks in different committees with a voice: in most international forums, with the commercial negotiations of the FTAA and with the Mercosur, with denVerhandlungen over the extension of the commercial preferences granted by the United States and the European Union. In addition CAN expressed the desire to take up with the European Union negotiations over an association agreement which was to represent primarily a counterweight to the FTAA. As Mexico, the Mercosur and Chile want to remove and countries in the long term by free trade agreements their Handelsbeziehungenen.

Meaning

The CAN members extend over 40 per cent of the area of Latin America. A quarter of the population of Latin America lives approximately in the CAN states. Common language of the member countries is Spanish. The average pro head gros domestic product lies between scarcely 1,000 US Dollar (Bolivia) and scarcely 4,000 US Dollar (Venezuela). Thus CAN with exception of Venezuela is main a group of the poorest South American states.

And close A SHANk is the third biggest integration area to Americas the NAFTA and the Mercosur. However CAN is importantly smaller than the Mercosur; thus it exhibits only scarcely half of its population and even only one third of the Mercosur BIPS. After Venezuela had joined the Mercosur, it had to withdraw from CAN, in order to receive the full member rights of the Mercosur. This continued to weaken the role of CAN still. Of Venezuela president justified the withdrawal of his country with the signing of bilateral trade agreements with the USA, transacted by Colombia and Peru.

The comparatively small meaning and close A SHANk shows up also in the fact that that hands comparatively Chile an association with the Mercosur of a membership in CAN preferred.

The exports of and countries are diversified few and consist to a large extent of raw materials and products of the first processing level. Venezuela exports primarily oil and other Colombia exports coal, minerals, coffee and cut flowers. In addition, Bolivia exported above all minerals, registers increasing gas exports. Ecuador exports mainly bananas, oil and shrimps.

Geografie and resources

The South American and region covers a multiplicity of different climatic and geographical dimensions. All five countries have however entrance to the mountain chain of the Anden and to the Amazon basin. However the countries differ partly clearly concerning the further geographical situation. These differences are also responsible for the fact that the political and economic interests of the countries diverge partially clearly in the framework and close A SHANk.

All and countries have the Potenzial of the bio diversity (it is 25 per cent of the world-wide biological variety in CAN) considerable natural resources, which are still to a large extent unused, like for example, in particular in the Amazon basin (which constitutes a scarce third of the surface of the countries), water resources (40 per cent of the fresh water supplies of the Subkontinents) and sea resources. Also are plentifully present: 55 per cent of the oil, natural gas and Kohl occurrences of Latin America, 10 per cent of the world-wide copper occurrences.

Population

And close A SHANk represents one to culturally and linguistically comparatively homogeneous area. The five countries exhibit different natives, however they have all the same (office) language (Spanish) and a similar historical background, there it up to 19. Century part of the Spanish realm were. These thing in common left it, by the Befreier Simon Bolivar, aforementioned which aims at establishment of a common state, which due to internal rivalries between the generals Bolivars however only between Venezuela, Ecuador and Colombia came, while Peru and Bolivia away-existed as independent states. The dream of a "large Colombia", also Bolivariani dream Bolivariano") mentioned, entered history and represents nowadays the philosophical basis of the integration between and states.

Concerning the development tendencies the countries resemble each other: They point all a dammed population growth (on the average 2 per cent in the year), a progressive urbanization (live 70 per cent of and inhabitants in cities) and a relatively low average population density (23 Einwohne/km

History

Since 1994 an imperfect customs union exists between the member countries (with transition and special arrangements). And close A SHANk has a common customs tariff for goods from third states and a uniform nomenclature. Peru suspended its membership at the beginning of the 90's due to commercial disputes with Colombia and Venezuela (because of allegedly inadmissible subsidization of the domestic exporting industries) and does not belong therefore to this customs union, could however 2005 join. The Peruvian government never intended a withdrawal from the process of integration despite these differences. Rather this state up to its reintegration takes part further in the establishment of a domestic market in the context of bilateral trade agreements with the remaining member states.

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